50 years on, echoes of 1968 in United States
THE BANNER FOR RACIAL EQUALITY HAS BEEN TAKEN UP BY THE BLACK LIVES MATTER MOVEMENT AND ITS PROTESTS
US troops in a neverending war. Students marchingin the streets. Women demanding respect. Black athletes protesting for racial justice. Political upheaval.
Today’s headlines?
Yes.
But they also could be from 50 years ago — 1968 was a year so eventful that it’s become known as “The Year That Changed America.”
“Assassinations, riots, rebellions, protests, disorder and chaos — 1968 was a year of really extraordinary shocks, shocks that I think still reverberate through today,” said David Farber, a history professor at the University of Kansas.
“The 1960s are this incredibly turbulent, tumultuous decade of politics and 1968 really sticks out,” said Amy Bass, a history professor at The College of New Rochelle.
Some Americans are thinking “the people are rising and will have a voice,” said Bass, author of One Goal.
“And then there’s this other faction, ( Richard Nixon’s) socalled ‘ silent majority’ who sees the 1960s as America coming apart at the seams.”
Rocking America in 1968 was the assassination in April of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr and that of Democratic presidential hopeful Robert F. Kennedy just two months later.
By then, the country was already reeling.
In January, North Vietnamese troops had launched the Tet Offensive, a blitz on South Vietnam that would eventually turn the US public against a war that was America’s longest until the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan.
US college campuses were gripped by anti- war protests and 700 students were injured in clashes with police at New York’s Columbia University in April 1968.
Students to the fore again
The war in Afghanistan has spawned no such protest movement despite entering its 17th year.
This can be explained in part because it stemmed from 9/ 11 — a direct attack on the US — but also because the military draft was eliminated in 1973, said Columbia University history professor Todd Gitlin.
“And the intensity of the war is far less,” said Gitlin, author of The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage.
“It’s off the screens for Americans and the body bags are few and far between, relatively speaking.”
US students are on the march once again though — not to oppose an unpopular war, but to demand tougher gun laws.
“There’s a big difference, however,” Gitlin said. “The high school students are actually starting something.”
In the largest student protest in decades, hundreds of thousands took part on March 24 in the “March for Our Lives” organised by teenagers from a Florida high school where 17 people were shot dead in February.
“The political system again seems frozen for students today and they’re trying to find answers that don’t fit normal electoral politics,” Farber said.
Students were not the only ones protesting in the 1960s — the decade was marked by the civil rights movement led by
King.
King notably advocated nonviolence but his April 4, 1968 assassination in Memphis, Tennessee sparked riots in several US cities.
Fifty years on, the banner for racial equality has been taken up by the Black Lives Matter movement and its protests against po- lice misconduct and the use of force.
One of the iconic images of 1968 is that of Tommie Smith and John Carlos, winners of the gold and bronze medals in the 200- metre dash at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, raising black- gloved fists as the Star- Spangled Banner played.
Five decades later, a black athlete has once again become one of the most visible symbols of the struggle for racial equality.
Colin Kaepernick, the former quarterback of the San Francisco 49ers, has cited Smith and Carlos as an inspiration for his decision to kneel during the playing of the national anthem — a protest which has drawn sharp criticism from President Donald Trump.
Kaepernick and Black Lives Matter have been subjected to “vilification much like what we saw in response to the Black Power movement in the late 1960s,” said Susan Eckelmann Berghel, an assistant professor of history at the University of Tennessee Chattanooga.
Treatment of women
The women’s movement in the United States also took on a new dimension in 1968 with a protest by hundreds of women in Atlantic City against the Miss America beauty pageant.
“They tried to ask a very difficult question, which was ‘ How should women be treated?’” said Farber. “Which is the kind of question we’re still asking.”