The vanishing vitamins

Human-caused greenhouse gas emissions threaten to make rice less nutritious, new research suggests

The staple food of millions on the planet seems to be under attack by the increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, according to a study.

Rice, the scientists found, contains lower levels of key vitamins when grown amid high concentrations of carbon dioxide, the most common of the greenhouse gases driving climate change. “If we do nothing, then yes, there is this potential for profound negative impacts on human health,” said Kristie Ebi, a public health researcher at the University of Washington in Seattle and one of the authors of the study, which also involved researchers at institutions in China, Japan, Australia and the United States, including at the US Agriculture Department.

The research, conducted in Japan and China, examined 18 rice varieties in outdoor experiments in which the plants were subjected to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of 568 to 590 parts per million. Current concentrations of CO2 are about 410 parts per million, but they’re growing at about 2 parts per million every year — and could reach the study’s levels in the later part of this century.

Rice accounts for “approximately 25 per cent of all global calories,” according to the study, which was published in the journal Science Advances. It was led by Chunwu Zhu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The study found that at the high concentrations, the crop’s content of the vitamins B1, B2, B5 and B9 all declined, including by as much as 30 per cent for B9 (folate). The research also confirmed previously discovered declines in protein, iron and zinc.

C02 concentration

“There’s been studies over the past hundred years for the importance of these B vitamins,” Ebi said. “One that declines with higher CO2 concentrations is folate. And we know that folate deficiencies in pregnant women can result in children that have various birth anomalies. So they’re critically important, particularly for maternal and child health, but for all of us.” It pairs up with recent research also suggesting that another major global staple crop, wheat, could see lower yields as the planet warms.

The consequences for wheat are tied to rising temperatures, but with rice, the immediate issue appears to be the growing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Plants pull carbon from the air and grow, and they will pull more of it as concentrations rise. The problem is that other aspects of their metabolism may not keep pace, meaning that they would draw in less nutrients from soils as they grow, and proportionately more carbon.

Nutritional content

It’s the change in this make-up of the plant itself that could, in turn, translate into changes in its nutritional content for those who consume it.

“CO2 is plant food in the sense that it makes plants grow more,” said Lewis Ziska, another study author with the Department of Agriculture. “But often when plants grow more, that doesn’t necessarily mean that you get the same quality of the plant.”

Because of this, Ebi and Ziska said, rice could in fact already be losing some of its nutritional content under current atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations — but the research has not been done at this point to confirm that.