Why ‘Kerala model’ worked against virus
State has built on its tradition of decentralised governance, public trust and governmental accountability
Government leveraged high level of trust in institutions
As India’s 1.3 billion people struggle to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic, one of the country’s 28 states stands head and shoulders above the rest. Kerala, in southwestern India, has been so successful in “flattening the curve” that many now speak admiringly of a “Kerala Model” for handling public-health emergencies.
Kerala was the first Indian state to report a case of Covid-19 — a medical student who had arrived from Wuhan, China, at the end of January. When Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a nationwide lockdown on March 24, Kerala had the most cases of any state. Yet today, it ranks low on the list of confirmed cases, and high on the list of Covid-19 recoveries. Moreover, the state’s fatality rate (0.53 per cent) is the lowest in India, and it has managed to limit the spread of the virus without inflicting any of the human suffering seen in other parts of the country.
Kerala’s formula for success has been straightforward. Public-health authorities have prioritised early detection through extensive testing, widespread contact tracing, and 28-day quarantines for all those infected (the rest of India, following the World Health Organisation’s guidance, has required only 14 days).
Since issuing its initial Covid-19 alert on January 18, the state has screened all arrivals at its four international airports, and immediately hospitalised or quarantined suspected cases. On February 4, Kerala declared Covid-19 a state-level disaster, and shut schools, restricted public gatherings, and instituted lockdowns in early March. By the time the central government had followed suit weeks later, Kerala had already deployed more than 30,000 health workers and placed tens of thousands of people in quarantine.
Community participation
Kerala’s Covid-19 response emerged from a template that long preceded the current crisis. Among Indian states, it is unique for having allocated significant resources to public-health infrastructure, devolved power and funding to village-level bodies, and established a social system that promotes community participation and public cooperation.
Throughout the current crisis, Kerala’s educated populace has behaved responsibly, limiting community transmission, cooperating with authorities, and seeking prompt treatment as needed.
This institutional and political culture is not the result of some one-off policy. Kerala has spent generations creating the infrastructure to support social development, placing it far ahead of the rest of India on many key indicators. As foreign observers have noted, the state’s social compact reflects extremely high levels of trust in institutions and elected representatives.
As a result, Kerala was able to impose restrictive measures far more humanely. When Keralans under home quarantine reported that they had no one to bring them essential supplies, the police promptly delivered what they needed. When schools were closed, poor parents who rely on school lunches to provide their children with proper nourishment received the meals at home. Before the central government had even declared a lockdown, Kerala had announced a comprehensive economic relief package for citizens in need.
Meanwhile, Kudumbashree, a Keralan grass roots network of local organisations and women’s self-help groups, has helped the state’s containment strategy by producing two million masks and 5,000 litres of hand sanitiser in the first month of the national lockdown. Some 1,200 community kitchens were established to feed the indigent and unemployed, and Kudumbashree has already served 300,000 meals a day.
Kerala has maintained regular communication with the public about health risks, broadcasting precautionary messages through official channels to dispel fake news. Unlike other states, Kerala’s response has centred on people’s participation. When migrant labourers became restive, they were given free accommodation and food, and urged to wait in place.
Kerala is among India’s most densely populated states, which makes its success in combating the pandemic all the more remarkable. Moreover, an estimated 17 per cent of its population works or lives elsewhere (their remittances account for 35 per cent of the state’s annual income), more than one million tourists the state visit each year, and hundreds of Keralan students study abroad, including in China. All of this mobility makes the state more vulnerable to contagious outbreaks, and yet it is weathering the crisis with flying colours.
In achieving such impressive results, Kerala has built on its tradition of decentralised governance, transparency, public trust, and governmental accountability. It offers clear lessons for the rest of India, both in responding to the current crisis and in preparing for the next one.
The state’s social compact reflects extremely high levels of trust in institutions and elected representatives.