Russian hostility expected in American world order

Donald Trump’s press conference Monday in Helsinki was the most embarrassing performance by an American president I can think of. And his preposterous efforts to talk his way out of his troubles made him seem even more absurd. But what has been obscured by this disastrous and humiliating display is the other strain in Trump’s Russia narrative. As he recently tweeted, “Our relationship with Russia has NEVER been worse thanks to many years of US foolishness and stupidity.” This notion is now firmly lodged in Trump’s mind and informs his view of Russia and Putin. And it is an issue worth taking seriously.

The idea that Washington “lost” Russia has been around since the mid-1990s. I know because I was one of the people who made that case. In a New York Times Magazine article in 1998, I argued that “central to any transformation of the post-Cold-War world was the transformation of Russia. As with Germany and Japan in 1945, an enduring peace required that Moscow be integrated into the Western world. Otherwise a politically and economically troubled great power ... would remain bitter and resentful about the post-Cold-War order.”

This never happened, I argued, because Washington was not ambitious enough in the aid it offered. Nor was it understanding enough of Russia’s security concerns — in the Balkans, for example, where the US launched military interventions that ran roughshod over Russian sensibilities.

I continue to believe Presidents George H W Bush and Bill Clinton missed opportunities to attempt a fundamental reset with Russia. But it has also become clear to me that there were many powerful reasons why US-Russian relations might have been destined to deteriorate.

Russia in the early 1990s was in a period of unusual weakness. It had lost not just its Soviet-era sphere of influence but its 300-year-old Czarist empire. Its economy was in free fall; its society was collapsing. In this context, it watched as the United States expanded Nato, intervened against Russia’s allies in the Balkans, and criticised its efforts to stop Chechnya from seceding.

From America’s vantage point, locking in the security of the newly liberated countries of Eastern Europe was an urgent matter. Washington worried that war in Yugoslavia was destabilising Europe and producing a humanitarian nightmare. And the US could not condone Russia’s brutal wars in Chechnya, in which tens of thousands of civilians were killed and much of the region destroyed. The United States and Russia were simply on opposite sides of these issues.

In addition, by the late 1990s, Russia was moving away from a democratic path. Even under Boris Yeltsin, the bypassing of democratic institutions and rule by presidential decree became common. Democratic forces in the country were always weak. The scholar Daniel Treisman has shown that by the mid 90s, the combined tally for all liberal democratic reformers in Russia’s Duma elections never went above 20 per cent. The “extreme opposition” forces, by contrast — communist, hyper- nationalist — received on average around 35 per cent. And once Putin came to power, the move toward illiberal democracy and then outright authoritarianism became unstoppable. Putin has never faced a serious liberal opposition.

An authoritarian Russia had even more areas of contention with the United States. It panicked over the “colour revolutions,” in which countries like Georgia and Ukraine became more democratic. It looked with consternation at the establishment of democracy in Iraq. These forces, by contrast, were being cheered on by the United States. And to Putin, George W Bush’s “freedom agenda” might have seemed designed to dislodge his regime.

Perhaps most crucially, by the mid-2000s, steadily rising oil prices had resulted in a doubling of Russia’s per capita GDP, and cash was flowing into the Kremlin’s coffers. A newly enriched Russia looked at its region with a much more assertive and ambitious gaze. And Putin, sitting atop the ‘vertical of power’ he had created, began a serious effort to restore Russian influence and undermine the West and its democratic values. What has followed — the interventions in Georgia and Ukraine, the alliance with Bashar Assad in Syria, the cyberattacks against Western countries — has all been in service of that strategy.

So yes, the West might have missed an opportunity to transform Russia in the early 90s. We will never know whether it would have been successful. But what we do know is that there were darker forces growing in Russia from the beginning, that those forces took over the country almost two decades ago, and that Russia has chosen to become the principal foe of America and the American-created world order.

Putin, sitting atop the ‘vertical of power’ he had created, began a serious effort to restore Russian influence and undermine the West and its democratic values