ASSAD AND THE REAWAKENING OF A GREAT WAR CURSE
Combatants during the First World War were scarred by the use of mustard gas. Damien McElroy traces the history of chemical weapons, from the Somme to Syria
In a leafy park in the northwest England town of Birkenhead on Sunday, locals will gather for a ceremony to unveil a bronze statue inspired by the poetry of one of the First World War’s best-remembered victims, Wilfred Owen.
Owen’s lasting legacy from the conflict was the poem
Dulce est Decorum, which depicted the horrors of the Great War’s terrible innovation of chemical gas attacks, used to break the stalemate between the trenches. Alongside the oil painting
Gassed, by John Singer Sargent, which shows blindfolded soldiers walking from the scene of an attack holding on to each other’s shoulders, the poem emblazed on the public consciousness the particular horrors of chemical weapons.
Atrocities in Syrian towns, including Khan Al Assel, Homs and Ghouta, changed all that as the regime of President Bashar Al Assad sought to break opposition offensives and strongholds with chlorine and other gas attacks repeatedly since 2012.
Although the attacks resulted in retaliatory strikes and an international operation to remove poison and nerve gases from Syria, experts acknowledged that the post-First World War infrastructure that banned chemical weapons lay in tatters.
“The legal framework prohibiting chemical weapons is considered the gold standard for multilateral disarmament,” wrote Ian Anthony and John Hart in a paper for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sipri) in February this year. “Yet, in the case of Syria this framework has proven insufficient. Indeed, the use of chemical weapons in Syria has been in focus since such allegations first surfaced in 2012.
“Failing to address these allegations with this framework will undermine confidence in the feasibility of disarmament.”
For a time it seemed the international framework was getting to grips with the threat in Syria, which was a member of the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) had concluded with a high degree of confidence that chlorine gas, sarin and mustard gas had been used against civilians. The UN Security Council was even empowered to overcome the divisions between the veto-wielding powers to establish a OPCW joint investigative mechanism to determine responsibility for chemical weapons use.
Behind all this diplomatic action, the dynamics of the battlefield would prove too powerful to stop a repetition of the attacks.
Hamish de Bretton-Gordon, a former British army officer, has tracked at first hand the spread of chemical weapons in Syria. He was the first to test a sample smuggled from a Syrian conflict zone and find a positive sample for chlorine.
Reflecting on the attitude that became a consensus for almost a century, Mr de Bretton-Gordon believes it has been undermined by the demonstration that Mr Al Assad shored up his position by using chemical weapons. “The view that it was taboo was based on the experience of those who served and their later belief that there should be some honour in how
warfare is conducted,” he told The National.
“Now we’ve seen it’s been incredibly effective in Syria. Particularly because people have no way of countering it and so when there is an incident in an area people are absolutely terrified even if they are not affected.”
It is not just in Syria that the material has been used. Saddam Hussein used the weapons against Kurds and Iranians.
The joint mechanism found that ISIS had also used the weapons at Umm Hawsh in September 2016.
“After that I saw the fear that reports of an attack could cause with the Peshmerga in Iraq, where I was doing some training,” said Mr De Bretton-Gordon. “It is one thing to face the threat of being shot as a soldier but the idea of a chemical weapons attack drives the fear factor off the scale.”
This year Russia’s military intelligence used a two-man team in a targeted chemical weapons attack in the British city of Salisbury. The ease of smuggling the nerve agent novichok into Britain through its airports exposes a degree of danger that highlights the threat from ISIS or other terrorist organisations with ambitions to use such chemicals in bombs and other devices.
Reimposing a taboo is a near-impossible feat. An initiative launched by the French foreign ministry at the start of this year examined ways of strengthening the global regime. It put forward six measures that would boost existing frameworks. These include:
Collection and retention of information of those responsible for proliferation and use
Facilitating the sharing of this information to bring them to justice
Designating groups and governments responsible
Making public the names of suspects
Helping states detect and prosecute perpetrators
Boosting the capabilities of the OPCW
Sipri, the Swedish think tank, concluded that the recommendations would break new ground in enabling accountability, at least in those states that signed up to the French initiative. “Using the domestic courts to hold officials of foreign governments accountable for actions taken in their own country is a new and interesting addition to the arms control ‘toolbox’ that has far-reaching implications if applied generally,” it said.
Members of the OPCW voted by a margin of 80 states to 24 to adopt new rules allowing the body to attribute blame for breaches of the convention for the first time. Western diplomats hailed the rule change, which came about despite Russian objections.
For Mr de Bretton-Gordon the issue of deterrence, not
Chemical atrocities in Syria and elsewhere show the post-First World War ban on such weapons lies in tatters
just accountability, must move to the forefront of the debate. “The West must be clear it must be willing to strike back,” he said.
“Trump and the UK and others must reiterate and be very clear that any violation of the Chemical Weapons Convention is just cause to act. Putin and others may now use things as a distraction if we do not set that high bar.”
For those gathered to remember the poet Owen on Sunday, which is the 100th anniversary of his death, the words of his poem are once again current. Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! – An ecstasy of fumbling,
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling,
And flound’ring like a man in fire or lime ...
Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.