Evidence of 25,000-year battle with coronaviruses
▶ Traces of the encounter remain in some people’s DNA, but they are not necessarily less susceptible to Covid-19
People in East Asia may have been exposed to coronaviruses 25,000 years ago and their descendants may carry genetic traces of this today, a study suggested.
Researchers said their findings do not imply that East Asians are now better protected against the virus that causes Covid-19, although genes do influence the way a person’s body responds to viral infections.
For the study, genetic variation in 26 populations around the world were analysed, but the effect of coronavirus exposure was detected only in East Asians.
“An arms race with an ancient coronavirus, or with a different virus that happened to use similar interactions as coronaviruses with human hosts, may thus have taken place in ancestral East Asian populations,” the researchers wrote.
Using publicly available genetics databases, the scientists analysed variation associated with genes coding for 420 virus-interacting proteins, which are substances that may affect the way a person’s body reacts to an infection.
The proteins that were analysed were shown by earlier research to interact specifically with coronaviruses, leading researchers to name them CoV-VIPs.
Some may be involved in the immune response to infection, or they could be proteins used by viruses to hijack components of human cells after infection.
Only in the East Asian population did the researchers find patterns of genetic variation that suggested the CoV-VIPs had adapted to the presence of coronaviruses in the distant past.
The researchers think the effects began about 900 generations, or about 25,000 years, ago and lasted until about 200 generations, or 5,000 years, ago.
The findings could be of more than academic interest, because they may offer indications as to how humans will be affected by disease in future.
“By learning more about our ancient viral foes, our study highlights the promise of evolutionary information to better predict the pandemics of the future,” the researchers wrote.
The scientists, who are based at the University of Adelaide in Australia and the University of Arizona in the US, also said that identifying genetic differences between populations may help researchers to develop drugs.
As the researchers noted, East Asia is where the current pandemic originated, yet its effects in the region have been less severe than elsewhere.
China, Japan and South Korea, which have a combined population of more than 1.5 billion, have reported a total of about 16,000 deaths, according to official figures. Most other regions of the world have been much more severely affected.
The researchers emphasised, though, that the results did not mean East Asians today have natural immunity to SARSCoV-2, the coronavirus that causes Covid-19.
“Importantly, adaptation to ancient viral epidemics in specific human populations does not necessarily imply any difference in genetic susceptibility between different human populations, and the current evidence points toward an overwhelming impact of socioeconomic factors in the case of Covid-19,” they wrote.
Dr Andrew Freedman, a specialist in infectious diseases at Cardiff University in Wales, who is not connected to the new study, said a person’s genetic make-up does, however, influence their response to viral infections.
For example, with HIV, the virus that causes Aids, a very small proportion of people are naturally better able to combat infection and can remain healthy for decades without treatment.
“That’s thought to be genetic – the genes control the immune response,” Dr Freedman said.
While he has not analysed the new study’s findings, Dr Freedman said that because a person’s immune response is influenced by their genes, it was “certainly feasible” that particular populations were “better suited to combating Covid and other coronaviruses”.
The study was published online this year and presented this month at an annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.
It was released before being reviewed by other scientists, so its findings are considered to be preliminary.