First step to 1000mph
Almost a decade of toil and about £30m has been sunk into the British bid to crack 1000mph on land. Andrew Frankel catches up with the chief engineer behind this audacious project
Insight on Bloodhound SSC
If all goes to plan, on 26 October, Wing Commander Andy Green will strap himself into the cockpit of his Bloodhound SSC Land Speed Record car and fire it down the 9000ft runway at Newquay airport in Cornwall. There will be about 5000 people watching, yet, despite this, Bloodhound chief engineer Mark Chapman is adamant that will be the first time it will move under its own power. “No sneaky test runs away from the public eye?” I enquire as he guides me around his machine. “We will run everything up, do some tests with the car tied down but, no, when it runs for the first time, you’ll be there to see it,” he responds.
If the runs go to plan, the team will decamp to Hakskeenpan in South Africa’s share of the Kalahari Desert next autumn and, this time using a rocket to assist its jet engine, Green will attempt to drive it past 800mph, breaking his own 20-year land speed record of 763mph.
By then, and even before the rocket has been completely reconfigured to allow it to go for the full 1000mph in 2019, the project will have been in the public domain for a full decade, dogged not only by the engineering challenges of doing what man has never done before but also the no less daunting task of keeping the funds flowing. So far, it has cost about £30 million, less money in 10 years than Neymar will earn in one – and, for periods when the flow has slowed to a dribble, progress has been very slow indeed. But now the funds are in place at least to finish the car and get it to Newquay and, while the car will do no more than 250mph there, it is hoped the resulting publicity will keep interest alive and funds flowing all the way to the Northern Cape.
I’ve been fascinated by Bloodhound ever since Richard Noble and Green went public with their plans on 23 October 2008. Even so, the sheer enormity and audacity of what is being attempted retains the ability to reduce the most seasoned of hacks to gasps. While there have been many successful jet-powered land speed record cars and just one successful rocket car, there has never been one that attempted to combine both technologies. The rocket is so
powerful that, one year after the project was announced, the team realised that if it continued to sit on top of the engine, it would bury the car’s nose in the desert when it fired. So the entire car was re-engineered to swap them around.
Then there is the feat itself. To qualify for a new land speed record, you must raise the bar by at least 1% – 7.63mph, in this case. Now consider that in the 32 years before Thrust SSC came along in 1997, the record had been raised by just 32mph. In one season, Thrust SSC added a further 130mph, punching a hole in the sound barrier on the way, but Bloodhound is designed for 1050mph, not far off 300mph faster than anyone has ever travelled across the surface of the planet. To me, what they are trying to achieve is almost unimaginable. But they have the tools to do it.
The jet engine is an early experimental EJ200 unit developed for use in the Eurofighter Typhoon. Yet, with the aid of a Nammo rocket, it produces so much power that it will go fully 200mph quicker at sea level than the Typhoon, despite the Typhoon having two EJ200S. All by itself, the jet engine produces nine tonnes of thrust, yet it weighs just one tonne. By contrast, the Rolls-royce Spey engines used 20 years ago on Thrust SSC produced just eight tonnes of thrust despite weighing two tonnes each.
The Typhoon aircraft has two of these engines, Bloodhound just one. So what? Well, quite a lot as it happens, because they work in tandem and each relies on the other with a constant flow of data to make sure they are perfectly synchronised at all times. Before Bloodhound, no one had ever run one on its own. So the engineers designed what they called ‘a Typhoon in a box’, which, as its name implies, is literally a small metal box that fooled the EJ200 into thinking it was in an aircraft. If
you went to an external contractor and asked them to design a control system for the engine from scratch, it would cost tens and possibly hundreds of thousands of pounds. Chapman estimates his Typhoon in a box cost £300.
So far, so good. To get around the data issue, they tried to fool the engine into believing it was tied to another by feeding it its own information. Very clever. But not quite clever enough because the data the engine was receiving was of course the identical twin of that which it was transmitting and, in the real world, that never happens. The engine knew this, grew suspicious and refused to work. I am not kidding. It was only when they engineered in a fractional delay into the data transfer so it was being fed minutely old information that it was finally satisfied. When shown the £300 solution, the data engineers at Rolls-royce who designed most of the original EJ200 could barely believe what they were seeing.
But there was another problem. The defining characteristic of the aircraft for which the engine was designed is that it flies. By contrast, the very firm intention for Bloodhound is that it remains at all times connected to the planet. Which means it’s going to be breathing quite a lot of sand. How much? Well, at full chat, the EJ200 requires 64,000 litres of air per second so, to save you the maths, if you hooked up its intake to the open window of an average house, it would suck every atom of oxygen out of it in three seconds flat. So they needed to make sure the engine would be okay not only on a sand-rich diet but also a Hakskeen sand-rich diet. Particularly, they needed to make sure that when it got really hot, it didn’t turn to glass and block all the minute cooling holes in the EJ200’S inner casing. This is important because – get this – the
Andy Green will fire the rocket with a trigger from a domestic drill
core temperature of the engine is much higher than the melting point of the metal from which it’s made. And yes, they do have a spare engine but both belong to the Ministry of Defence and they would like them back in the same condition in which they lent them. They did the tests and it was fine.
And yet there is still so much that Chapman and his team don’t know and, indeed, will still not know until the car has been run in South Africa at far greater speeds than will be possible in Cornwall.
“Our focus is going to be finding out how the shockwave forms around the car and how the wheels interact with the desert,” he says. “We can do simulations that give us a good idea of what should happen, but to find out what will happen requires us to try it for real.”
That’s why even just to beat the existing record next year, the team intends to be on the desert for two to three months, conducting test after test and not progressing to the next one until all data has been downloaded, analysed and understood. To give you an idea of how the environment changes and why there is no substitute for realworld testing, Chapman reckons that, above the speed of sound, air pressure on the wheels will be more responsible for steering the car than their grip on the ground. That means they will effectively be acting as supersonic rudders, I am told.
And yet, in true British land speed record-breaking tradition, there is some stuff on the car that wouldn’t look out of place in Halfords. The triggers that fire the rocket are a fine example. There are aerospace triggers available costing thousands that would do the job or, as Chapman says, you can just use one that’s cheap, has already been tested to destruction and is available in any DIY shop. Which is why when Green fires the Nammo, it will be with a trigger from a domestic drill.
The Bloodhound SSC project is fascinating not just for its almost unbelievable ambition and the guts and determination required to realise it, but also because of the wonderfully pragmatic and imaginative way it is being engineered. I love the fact that some of the most advanced technologies in the world are being used to complete a task for which they were never designed, and that they can sit in harmony with such everyday items as a trigger from a drill. I wish them all the very best with it, too: if fortune really does favour the brave, little more than two years from now, one intrepid driver will have travelled on earth at over one thousand miles per hour.