Why falling leaves make the Earth spin faster

. . . and woodpeckers don’t get headaches – just two of nature’s marvels as revealed in a delightfully intriguing new book

DUrING the next few months, the earth will start to revolve more quickly. But don’t be alarmed, it happens every year when leaves fall from millions of trees. Or did you know that wolves can change the course of a river? Nature is like a giant clockwork mechanism. everything is neatly arranged and interconnected, with its own place and function.

But Nature is much more complex than a clock: not only does one cog connect with another; everything is connected in a network so intricate that we will probably never grasp it in its entirety. So it’s important for us to realise that even small interventions can have huge consequences.

For years, my children pleaded with me to get a bird feeder for our back garden. I resisted because it felt too much like interfering with Nature. But eventually I gave in and put one in front of the kitchen window.

We have since had no end of avian visitors. But although we feed them with the best of intentions, it’s worth bearing in mind the cautionary tale of the blackcap warbler, a bird long found in Germany but fairly new here.

About the size of a tit and sporting a cap on their heads (black for males and brown for females), these grey fluffballs once spent summer in Germany and in the autumn flew to warmer spaces such as Spain where they fed on berries and fruit, including olives.

But in the 1960s, many populations began flying north in winter to the UK; the reason being that the British are great bird-lovers and fed them so well that they no longer wanted to fly south.

This has changed the birds both visually and genetically.

While their short, wide beaks were fine for pecking at olives, they were no good for reaching seeds and fat in bird-feeders. So, over time, their beaks have become narrower and longer.

Meanwhile, their wings have done the opposite.

Since Britain is closer to Germany than Spain is, the blackcap warbler’s slender wings (useful over longer distances) are now shorter and rounder — improving the birds’ manoeuvrability during short flights in British gardens.

As the altered species interbreeds with the original one, their genetic make- up will continue to change until the blackcaps the world once knew no longer exist and something irretrievable has been lost.

This isn’t the only example of how tiny changes of behaviour in humans and animals can have remarkable consequences . . .

FEELING LOVE’S FATAL GLOW

HUNTerS and prey coexist in a delicate balance that gives each a chance to survive. But artificial light can upset the scales.

Although supposedly environmentally-friendly, modern solarpowered garden lights are often on all night, attracting insects such as moths and delighting the large number of spiders that benefit by spinning their webs nearby.

In the long run, the tiny ecosystem around the light changes, because some species disappear entirely ( into the spiders’ stomachs).

One light wouldn’t matter so much, but it’s different when there are thousands, as in urban areas.

Not that humans are the only source of additional light in the landscape. It has existed since long before we started lighting things up, including tiny amounts from the strange mating rituals of glow-worms.

Only the males can fly and their bodycasing is designed to shine the light, which is their mating signal, downwards. That way they don’t reveal their presence to enemies flying above them, while at the same time signalling ‘ look what a great guy I am’ to the earthbound females below.

When a female gets the message, she turns on her light, too, inviting the Casanova to land — only for him to die soon after mating, and for her to give up the ghost right after she has laid her eggs.

The male’s glow should mark the final flicker of a life that ends on an ecstatic high, but the females of some glow-worm species imitate the light signals of others to lure away their males.

They land to find not an amorous adventure, but the eager mandibles of a glow-worm femme fatale.

They need the males for their calories and the toxins in their bodies. These protect the females from being eaten by spiders, which also notice their light signals and, in the absence of toxins, would be happy to accept the illuminated invitation to dinner.

MOTHS FLUTTER FLIRTATIOUSLY

MOTHS have remarkable defences against bats, including a miniforest of hairs on their backs to deflect the sound-waves that their predators use to ‘see’ and the ability to produce ‘decoy’ clicks which cause them to disappear amid static on a bat’s radar.

But some species of moth have taken the arms race with bats further. Greater wax moths have evolved to hear sounds much louder than bat’s capabilities and have the highest-hearing score in the animal kingdom.

They use the higher frequencies to find mates, flirting in peace without having to worry that bats might be listening in.

TRUNK ROAD TO CATASTROPHE

FOr decades, foresters have noted that saplings have been growing markedly more quickly because, thanks in part to vehicle exhaust fumes and applications of liquid manure, we have overloaded Nature with nitrogen compounds that act as a nutrient boost.

Is this, in any sense, a good thing? No. Left to their own devices, trees do not grow quickly. In undisturbed ancient forests, youngsters have to spend their first 200 years waiting patiently in their mother’s shade.

As they struggle to put on a few feet, they develop wood that is incredibly dense. A mature beech, for example, contains up to 14 tons of wood.

But if they shoot up too quickly, their woody cells are much larger than normal, and contain much more air, which makes them susceptible to fungi.

A tree that grows quickly rots quickly, and therefore never has a chance to grow old.

THE WOODWIDE WEB

TreeS and plants in a forest talk to each other via their own version of the internet, a network of fungi which grow their filaments throughout the soil. In extremely hot summers, the first thirsty trees might send out a chemical warning over the wood-wide web and advise others to be frugal with their last few drops of water.

Or if too many of seeds are being snaffled up by animals such as wild boar, thus threatening their chances of reproduction, trees might co- ordinate breaks in fruiting, starving the boars until their population has dropped to a level which no longer threatens the trees.

This service isn’t free: the fungi tap the trees for up to one-third of the sugar and other carbohydrates they produce by photosynthesising. That is a sizeable chunk of energy, and about the same amount as the tree uses to grow wood (the remaining third is converted into bark, leaves and fruit).

But the fungi deliver dependably, and as well as sharing information, they can transport sugar between trees to support weaker members of the community, and also bring in nutrients from more distant parts of the forest floor.

What’s more, they can easily live as long as trees. The world record holder, a fungus found in North America, is 2,400 years old and covers almost three square miles.

Like any conversation, trees can fall victim to eavesdropping.

The scent they use to let other trees know that they are stressed can be picked up by bark beetles

who drill into their trunks and build their nests inside them.

They prefer weakened specimens which cannot produce the defensive blobs of pitch with which their healthy counterparts drown intruders.