The difference between a heart attack and cardiac arrest – and what to do for each

HEART ATTACK

Occurs when blood flow to a section of the heart is restricted. The primary culprit is coronary heart disease, which causes plaque to build up in the arteries; if the plaque ruptures, it creates a blood clot that can block blood flow to a portion of the heart. Without sufficient oxygen, the muscle begins to die. The longer treatment is delayed, the greater the damage.

Symptoms include:

Pain in upper abdomen, chest, arms or jaw, or between shoulder blades Tightness in chest, neck, arm Abnormal heartbeat Lightheadedness or dizziness Unusual level of fatigue Cold sweat Indigestion, nausea, vomiting Shortness of breath WHAT TO DO Call 999 or get someone to drive you to casualty.

SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST

Occurs when the heart stops beating and blood flow to the brain and organs stops. When the heart’s electrical system fails, it can cause arrhythmias. The arrhythmia that causes Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is ventricular fibrillation. SCA can also occur after a heart attack or during recovery from one; heart attacks can increase your risk for SCA. Without treatment, death can occur in eight to 10 mins.

Symptoms include:

Eyes rolling back into head Unconsciousness Lack of breathing Turning blue No pulse

WHAT TO DO Call 999, then start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (see below). If available, use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED), which delivers an electrical shock to restore heartbeat.