ON THIS DAY

■ 1746: The army of Charles Stuart, the Young Pretender ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’, was routed by Cumberland at the Battle of Culloden.

■ 1850: Death of Marie Tussaud, Swiss-born modeller who established the world-famous waxworks near Baker Street, London, in 1835.

■ 1889: Charlie Chaplin (later Sir Charles), English comedian, above, was born in London.

■ 1912: American Harriet Quimby became the first woman to fly across the English Channel.

■ 1951: The British submarine Affray sank in the English Channel with the loss of 75 lives.

■ 1953: The royal yacht Britannia was launched by the Queen.

■ 1964: Twelve members of the Great Train Robbery gang were sentenced to a total of 307 years in jail.

■ 2007: The Bank of England was forced to publish an open letter to the Chancellor after a shock surge in inflation to above 3%.

■ 2010: Travel chaos spread across Europe as planes were grounded in the United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia as a result of an ash cloud from Iceland.

■ ON THIS DAY LAST YEAR: A naval officer made history by passing out of training by himself, after missing the official ceremony due to being in self-isolation.

■ BIRTHDAYS: Joan Bakewell, TV presenter, 88; Ruth Madoc, actress, 78, above; Ellen Barkin, actress, 67; Nick Berry, actor, 58; Jimmy Osmond, singer, 58; Martin Lawrence, actor, 56; Max Beesley, actor, 50; Nick Pickard, actor, 46; Claire Foy, actress, 37.

■ The recycled paper content of UK newspapers in 2016 was 62.8%