One way or another, the lines help create space and cause headaches

Jon Frullani, of Jon Frullani Architect Ltd, said: “Direction, structure, enclosure and order are the result of fundamental architectural design – whether it be opposing vertical walls to form a room or alternatively the horizontality of a roof and floor.

“The combination of parallel linear elements not only create space, but also are a basic and essential tool to control movement, direction and the enjoyment of certain spaces.

“As architects, we are always wrestling with geometry – not only in two-dimensional plans, but more importantly visualising lines on a piece of paper in threedimensional form.

“I believe we have a responsibility to ensure that the buildings or spaces created are enjoyable and comfortable to inhabit not only in short term but throughout the lifetime of the building.

“This is achieved through careful consideration for both the structure of a building and the requirements and impact of internal elements.”

Nicholas Wade, emeritus professor of psychology at Dundee University, said suggested links between patterns of parallel lines and headaches is “nothing new”.

He said: “It has long been known that certain perceptual changes occur as a consequence of continuous observation of geometric ally periodic patterns.

“The patterns undergo fluctuating distortions and disappearances.

“Moreover, after effects are generated after such prolonged observation, and these after effects can be seen most strongly when a homogeneous surface is viewed or the eyes are closed.”

The Ardler multis, with their repetition of parallel lines.

Jon Frullani.