Linda Blair How to keep your brain sharp

In a recent interview for The New York Times,

Lisa Feldman Barrett, professor of psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, offered some advice to older people to help them keep their cognitive skills as finely tuned as possible. Challenge yourself, she urged, to learn new things on a regular basis – but don’t just do so casually. Study any new topic hard until you feel tired, stymied and frustrated. This level of exertion, she said, is associated with increases in the ease of communication within the brain and so cognitive skills will be enhanced.

Her advice is based on a study of “superagers”, individuals aged 65 years or older, whose cognitive skills are as acute as the average 25-year-old. Barrett believes that what sets superagers apart is their ability to use the unpleasant feelings they experience when challenging themselves as a signal to keep going, rather than a warning to stop.

While she provides convincing data to prove how cognitively young these superagers are, I’m not sure her conclusion about why this is so gives the whole picture. Are superagers simply those who ignore the pain and frustration that comes with intense mental effort? Or is there some other reason why they spend so much time and effort challenging themselves?

This is important, because if the only way to maintain youthful cognitive skills is to expose ourselves regularly to pain and frustration, it doesn’t make old age look particularly inviting.

The same argument has been put forward with regard to physical ageing. Not long ago, many advocated HIIT – high-intensity interval training, exerting yourself to your maximum capacity, interspersing your effort with short periods of rest – as a way to improve cardiovascular function and lose weight. HIIT does appear to help in this way, as David Swain and Barry Franklin at Old Dominion University in Virginia found. However, many of us find such intense workouts demotivating and, for a few, they may even be dangerous.

Now research is emerging – for example, Dr JeanPhilippe Walhin’s study at the University of Bath

– to suggest that LISS, or low-intensity steady state (working out within your aerobic zone), may be just as effective as HIIT for weight loss. Certainly, it’s more enjoyable.

And “enjoyable” is the key. If what you’re doing is enjoyable, you’re more likely to keep working hard at it. This is a double win, because research such as Ed Diener and Micaela Chan’s study at the University of Illinois shows that subjective wellbeing – feeling satisfied with life and experiencing few negative emotions – is associated with better health and a longer life.

Making yourself work until you’re exhausted and frustrated holds little appeal. On the other hand, finding an activity you love so much that you don’t even notice when you’re pushing yourself hard seems a far more attractive way to keep your brain active as you grow older.