Cyber war manual

SIR – Gavin Hall (letters 29th June) calls for an unambiguous response framework for cyber-attacks. This already exists. A set of guidelines on the legal justifications for and conduct of cyber engagement has been written.

While not formally ratified, it is published by Nato’s Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence as their manual for cyber warfare, equivalent to the others for the warfare domains of land, sea, air and space.

The document is known as the Tallinn Manual after the capital of Estonia, the subject of the first cyber-attack on a nation state. An updated version came out this year. David Alexander

Towcester, Northamptonshire