Novichok What we know about killer nerve agent

Q What is Novichok?

A Novichok is not a single toxin but a family of so called “fourth generation” nerve agents developed by the Russians in the 1970s and 1980s. In some forms, it is reported to be between five and eight times more toxic than earlier nerve agents, such as VX. It can be stored as two less toxic chemical ingredients which, when mixed, react to produce the weaponised nerve agent. This makes it easier to transport and handle – an advantage for an assassin. Michelle Carlin, senior lecturer in forensic and analytical chemistry at Northumbria University, said that it can be used in the form of an ultra-fine powder as well as as a liquid or vapour. It kills after being ingested or absorbed through the skin.

Q What is the risk to the general public?

A Public Health England (PHE) says the risk to the public in Salisbury remains low. However, it has advised any residents and people who may have been in the areas now cordoned off to wash their clothes and any items on them at the time. Q What should I do if I visited these locations?

A You should clean clothing and items you had with you while you were there. Items such as phones and handbags should be cleaned with baby wipes. Jewellery, watches and glasses should be washed with warm water and detergent and then rinsed in clean cold water.

Q What effect does Novichok have on the body?

A Novichok, like all nerve agents, disrupts the chemical signals between the nerves and the muscles which control vital organs, said Dr Carlin. “This can lead to breathing difficulties, loss of control of bodily functions, increased salivation, convulsions, paralysis.” Outward symptoms may include white eyes, convulsions, drooling and – in the worse cases – coma, respiratory failure and death.

Q What is the treatment for those exposed?

A Patients are normally given the drug atropine, which reduces muscle spasms and the production of saliva. It needs to be given as soon after exposure as possible.