Thomas Stafford
Astronaut whose handshake in space with his Soviet counterpart helped to thaw the Cold War
GENERAL THOMAS STAFFORD, who has died aged 93, was not one of the 12 astronauts to walk on the Moon, but in May 1969, as commander of Apollo 10, he played a crucial part in a dress rehearsal for a lunar landing which took him to within nine miles of the lunar surface and cleared the way for Apollo 11 two months later.
He also commanded the first Sovietamerican link-up in space in July 1975, which initiated the thaw in the 30-year Cold War between the two superpowers. In order to match the rank of General Alexei Leonov, the colourful cosmonaut who commanded the two-man Soyuz spacecraft with which Stafford docked the three-man Apollo,
Stafford was made a brigadier (one-star) general, the first astronaut to reach such high rank.
The two commanders floated towards each other in the docking tunnel between Apollo and Soyuz, ending up in an awkward bear hug, and clasping hands – the first international handshake in space. Leonov said, in English: “Very good to see you!” Stafford voiced the same sentiment in Russian, but in such a broad Oklahoma accent that Leonov later said there were three languages spoken on the mission: Russian, English and “Oklahomski”.
Nasa had calculated that the symbolic handshake would take place above Bognor Regis, but a delay meant it happened over the French city of Metz instead.
Three years of planning, as well as the flight itself, were dogged by political jealousies and rivalries, and it was only the warm personal friendship that developed between the two commanders that saved it. As it was, during the three days when the two craft were docked or manoeuvring at an altitude of 125 miles above the Earth, America’s Apollo provided the world with splendid pictures of Soyuz, but the Russians provided none of Apollo – due, they said, to camera problems.
As a result the Soviet people had the impression that the Russians were in control, whereas it was the much more versatile Apollo spacecraft, with its larger fuel reserves, which carried out the docking and most of the manoeuvres. Mutual respect between astronauts and cosmonauts gradually overcame national differences, however, and 30 years later the Us-led international space station could not have survived without Russian support.
Thomas Patten Stafford was born on September 17 1930 in Weatherford, Oklahoma, graduating with honours from the US Naval Academy in Annapolis in 1952. He was commissioned into the US Air Force and in 1955 assigned to Hahn Air Base in Germany, where he flew F-86 fighters and co-wrote flight testing manuals for pilots.
He was selected for Nasa’s second group of aspiring astronauts in 1962 and flew the first two of his four space flights during the series of 10 Gemini missions – a two-man spacecraft in which he played a pioneering role learning orbit rendezvous techniques to enable vehicles to dock in space.
Unlike those on the preceding one-man Mercury flights, the Gemini astronauts had computers enabling them to control and manoeuvre independently of ground control. As back-up commander Stafford had to take over the second of these flights, Gemini 9, when the prime crew were killed in an air crash.
Stafford’s fellow crew member, Gene Cernan, made history with a two-hour spacewalk, and the new controls enabled the pair to splash down just over half a mile from the recovery ship. Stafford then headed mission planning and software development for Project Apollo, playing a leading role in organising the series of missions that made the final moon landings possible.
Commanding Apollo 10 during the final rehearsal, Stafford undocked from Apollo and, with Cernan, flew the lunar module almost to the Moon’s surface, returning eight hours later to make the first docking in lunar orbit with the parent spacecraft. There was no temptation for them to land, as they had insufficient fuel to take off again. During their return, with John Young piloting Apollo, the spacecraft reached 24,791 miles per hour, the highest speed attained by Man.
Following the Moon landings Stafford was appointed head of the astronauts, responsible for flight-crew training and selection. In this capacity he played a major role in plans for a joint Soviet-us flight.
This was part of an agreement on the peaceful exploration of outer space made by President Nixon and the Soviet prime minister Alexei Kosygin in May 1972. It suited both superpowers, filling the gap between the end of the Moon race and the next developments in space exploration.
The two crews were selected and announced two years ahead of the 1975 flight date, the first time Russia had named cosmonauts before they had flown. Both countries picked veterans, since diplomacy as well as experience was required: Tom Stafford for the US with Deke Slayton, the only one of the original seven astronauts who had never flown, and Vance Brand, with years of back-up experience.
Leonov, who had made the world’s first spacewalk and had established his own power base in Russia, was named to command Soyuz, supported by Valeri Kubasov.
For the Americans, the first shock was that they would not dock as expected with a Salyut space station, but directly with the Soyuz spacecraft, with much less opportunity to penetrate Soviet space secrets. Many thought the docking would never take place, especially when Stafford told the Russians that the mission would have to be cancelled, after they blocked his requests to go to Baikonur in Kazakhstan to inspect the Soyuz.
This alarmed his Nasa bosses, since 4,000 jobs depended on the mission. But the Soviets also needed it to go ahead, and the next day Leonov threw an arm around Stafford and said: “What is the problem? Of course you can go to Baikonur.”
The Soviets then produced their first-ever press kit – at 204 pages long, it was twice the size of Nasa’s – and a simultaneous countdown of spacecraft 10,000 miles apart began. Despite consternation when Deke Slayton told a news conference that the Soviets had “a lousy political system” and he wanted no part of it, the two-day docking finally took place.
It was not without some confusion, however, with Leonov rebuking Soviet Mission Control for their impatience, telling them: “We are preparing to receive our guests.” President Ford talked to all five spacemen, but congratulations from Brezhnev had to be read by a Soviet television newscaster.
Leonov, a talented artist, lightened up the political bickerings by drawing and showing to the cameras his caricatures of the American astronauts – including one of the bald Stafford as if he had a full head of hair – and the friendships they established played a major part in the subsequent gradual thaw in East-west relationships.
For Nasa, however, the celebrations at the end of a successful mission were marred by a mishap during re-entry when the exhausted American astronauts failed to operate some switches correctly, with the result that poisonous gases were sucked into the spacecraft. All three suffered blistered lungs and were in hospital in Honolulu for a fortnight.
When he left Nasa in 1975, Stafford began a new and varied career, assuming command of the USAF Flight Test Centre at Edwards, California, with the rank of major general. Three years later he was promoted lieutenant general, and sent to USAF headquarters in Washington as deputy chief of staff, research and development.
There he initiated work on the F-117A stealth fighter and on the technology that led to the revolutionary B-2 stealth bomber, and was a defence adviser to President Reagan. By 1990 he was chairing a committee advising on how to achieve President George HW Bush’s vision of returning to the Moon followed by the exploration of Mars – a so-called “road map” for the ensuing 30 years of the US’S manned space-flight programme.
When that work was completed, under the Clinton administration in 1994, Stafford co-founded a technical consulting firm and became a director of six corporations, including the world’s largest hard disk drive maker. He also served on various Nasa boards, advising on problems ranging from the Hubble space telescope to those concerning the space shuttle and international space station.
Thomas Stafford was awarded many honours, and in his home town of Weatherford, Oklahoma, the airport was named after him.
With his first wife, the former Faye L Shoemaker, Stafford had two daughters. He later married the former Linda Ann Dishman, with whom he had two sons.