LAND OF THE FREE?
The question of whether or not we have true autonomy plagues both philosophers and scientists. Mark Hadley is attempting to get one step further towards the answer by creating computer simulations with their own free will
Do you have free will? Can you make your own decisions? Or are you more like an automaton, just moving as required by your constituent parts? Probably, like most people, you feel you have something called free will. Your decisions are not predetermined; you could do otherwise.
Yet scientists can tell you that you are made up of atoms and molecules and that they are governed by the laws of physics. Fundamentally, then – in terms of atoms and molecules – we can predict the future for any
given starting point. This seems to leave no room for free will, alternative actions or decisions.
Confused? You have every right to be. This is one of the long-outstanding unresolved problems in philosophy. There has been no convincing resolution, though speculation has included a key role for quantum theory, which describes the uncertainty of nature at the smallest scales.
It is this that has fascinated me. My research interests include the foundations of quantum theory. So, could free will be thought of as a macroscopic quantum phenomenon? I set out to explore the question.
Quantum free will
There is enough philosophy literature on the subject to fill a small library. As a trained scientist I approached the problem by asking: what is the evidence? Sadly, in some ways, my research showed no link between free will and fundamental physics. Decades of philosophical debate as to whether free will could be a quantum phenomenon have been chasing an unfounded myth.
Evidence from psychology, sociology and even neuroscience all give the same message that we are unaware of how we make decisions
Imagine you are on stage, facing two envelopes. You are told that one has £100 inside and the other is empty. You have a free choice to pick one – yet every time, you pick the empty one and the magician wins. This implies that our sense of free will is not quite as reliable as we think it is – or at least that it’s subject to manipulation, if it is there.
This is just one of a wide variety of examples that question our awareness of our own decision-making processes. Evidence from psychology, sociology and even neuroscience all give the same message that we are unaware of how we make decisions. And our own introspection is unreliable as evidence of how our mental processes function.
So, what is the evidence for the abstract concept of free will? None. How could we test for it? We can’t. How could we recognise it? We can’t. The supposed connection between our perception of free will and the uncertainty inherent to quantum theory is, therefore, false.
But we do have an experience of free will, and this experience is a fact. So having debunked the supposed link with fundamental physics, I wanted to go further and explore why we have a perception of being able to do otherwise. That perception is nothing to do with knowing the exact position of every molecule in our bodies, but everything to do with how we question and challenge our decision-making in a way that really does change our behaviour.
Artificial free will
For me as a scientist, this meant building a model of free will and testing it. But how would you do this? Could I mimic it with a computer program? If I were successful how would my computer or robot be tested?
The topic is fuelled with prejudice. You would probably assume without evidence that my brother has free will, but my computer does not. So I will offer an emotionally neutral challenge: if an alien lands on Earth, how would you decide if it was an alien being with free will like us, or a sophisticated automaton?
Strangely, the philosophical literature does not seem to consider tests for free will. But as a scientist, it was essential to have a test for my model. So here is my answer: if you are right-handed, you will write your name holding a pen in your right hand. You will do so predictably almost 100 per cent of the time. But you have free will, you could do otherwise. You can prove it by responding to a challenge or even challenging yourself. Given a challenge you may well write with your left hand. That is a highly discerning test of free will. And you can probably think of others, not just finely balanced 50:50 choices, but really rare events that show your independence and distinguish you from an automaton.
Based on this, I would test my alien with a challenge to do something unusual and useless, perhaps slightly harmful even, like putting its hand near a flame. I would take that as evidence of free will. After all, no robot would be programmed to do that.
A computer with free will?
And so I tried to model that behaviour in the simplest, most direct way, starting with a generic goalseeking computer program that responds to inputs from the environment. These programs are commonly used across disciplines from sociology, economics and AI. The goal-seeking program is so general that it applies to simple models of human behaviour, but also to hardware like the battery-saving program in your mobile phone.
For free will, we add one more goal: to assert independence. The computer program is then designed to satisfy this goal or desire by responding to challenges to do otherwise. It’s as simple as that. Test it out yourself; the challenges can be external or you can generate your own. After all, isn’t that how you conclude that you have free will?
In principle the program can be implemented in today’s computers. It would have to be sophisticated enough to recognise a challenge and even more so to generate its own challenges. But this is well within reach of current technology. That said, I’m not sure that I want my own personal computer exercising free will...