‘Bibi is wrong, but he is no lightweight’
Geoffrey Paul and Daniel Sugarman read about men who tried to change hostile climates My Country, My Life
WHEN MEMBERS of the Black September terror group hijacked Sabena Flight 571 in May 1972, they landed the plane at Tel Aviv airport and threatened to blow it up if Palestinian prisoners were not released in their hundreds.
A tense hostage situation was diffused when 16 commandos in Israel’s elite special forces unit approached the jet on the tarmac disguised as technicians and stormed their way on board.
The operation — in which two hijackers were captured, two were killed, and all but one of the passengers survived — was hailed a success.
The team was led by Ehud Barak, the joint-highest decorated officer in Israeli history who has had an extraordinary career that took him from special forces commander to IDF chief of staff and later prime minister.
He is also the last leader of Israel’s Labour Party to have led the country.
He defeated Benjamin
A Labour PM with a military background Netanyahu in 1999. Since then, the left has struggled consistently in elections but, speaking to the JC this week, Mr Barak believes they can succeed again.
“In democracies the pendulum moves from side to side. Sometimes it takes a long time,” he says.
“The right wing is temporarily more popular. Part of this is the endemic problems of the left.
“In short, the right-wing electorate act like football fans — they are always there for the team, they don’t change their mind if their team loses three times. The left-wing electorate behaves like a debate club in Oxford.
“They gather in air-conditioned rooms, top-quality people discuss issues [and] how the world should look, rather than how it operates in reality and what should be done in order to achieve power and change direction.”
He points out, however, that “the two cases in the last generation of the left-wing winning elections — Rabin and myself — in both cases [Labour was led by] a person with prestige in security who was not perceived as a politician.”
Mr Barak comes across as profoundly pragmatic. He has been vocal in his call for Israel to leave the West Bank, for instance. “The issue is over the way Israel is heading. The debate is painful but simple: in the region there live 13 million people, 6.5m Jews and 6.5m Arabs.
“If there is only one political entity in this area named Israel, this entity will become inevitably either non-Jewish or non-democratic.
“This bloc of millions of Palestinians clearly have political aspirations. [If they] would vote for a Knesset as part of a binational state, within a few years this binational state will have an Arab majority and permanent civil war.
“[But] if they cannot vote, that’s not democracy. Neither is the Zionist dream.”
There is potential for a viable, demilitarised state for the Palestinians, he says, that is “not my dream but part of the reality — they are there and I see no alternative”.
Similarly, he is equally pragmatic about last week’s clashes on the Gaza border. He says it is possible to handle several hundred demonstrators at close range, but techniques do not yet exist for when the numbers reach many thousands.
The protesters could not be allowed to cross the frontier, he says, because “there are either settlements or kibbutzim, moshavim, infrastructure, 100 yards from this fence”.
“Probably there is — I assume people are working on it now — some creative idea of what means might be developed to hold a demonstration of 10,000 people far away from you, at a few thousand yards. But it was not available here.”
Above all, however, Mr Barak is deeply concerned at the direction in which Israel is heading, a threat he describes in his book as “existential”.
“In Israel the very institutions of democracy are under continued attack by its own government, like an auto-immune disease,” he says.
“There is even an attack on the very basic values of the IDF. What happened with Elor Azaria [a soldier jailed for shooting an incapacitated Palestinian knifeman] is a classical case.
The IDF — the officers, the leadership, the generals — were defending the basic values of the IDF: you kill first whoever tries to kill you, but once someone is not a risk anymore you don’t execute people without due process.
“So you ask yourself, why the hell, when Israel is so strong, our government is running an attack on the very basic institutions of democracy?”
He describes himself as one of Mr Netanyahu’s “harshest critics”, after serving alongside him in the army and later in government as defence minister in the 2009-2013 coalition.
“He’s not a lightweight, he’s a thoughtful and knowledgeable person and now also experienced — but he’s wrong, the policies are wrong.”
Mr Barak projects a sense, however, that it is hard for people who have not been Israeli prime minister to truly understand the dilemmas they have had to grapple with.
In his memoir, Mr Barak describes a conversation with Barack Obama on a possible military strike against Iran.
“We hear that even people high up in your military, in military intelligence and the Mossad, are against it,” the then-president said.
Mr Barak did not deny it.
“We highly respect our top people in the military, and in intelligence. We make a point of listening to them before taking action,” he responded.
“But here’s the difference. When they look up, they see Netanyahu, or me. When Bibi and I look up, we see heaven.
“Whoever is up there, we clearly can’t go to Him for advice. We are responsible for Israel’s security.”
Like football fans, the rightwing is always there for the team. The left is a debate club.’
Macmillan, £25
Reviewed by Geoffrey D Paul
AN UNEXPECTEDLY bearded Ehud Barak looks out from the dust cover of a book big enough to chronicle the very full life of a man who has been director of Israel military intelligence, IDF chief of staff, prime minister and leader of the Labour Party, and defence minister in governments headed by right-wing prime ministers Olmert and Netanyahu (the latter being one to whom he is vigorously, even bitterly, opposed politically and philosophically).
There is scarcely one of Israel’s security or military operations of the past four decades in which Barak has not been involved and he relates them well, illumining the doubts, anxieties and hard decisions that leadership demands. He does acknowledge, however, that his record with the media is of someone unable to give straight answers or a single clear message: “My instincts went toward nuance, not sound bites.”
He gives, without the subsequent Hollywood treatment, a raw account of his role, disguised as a rather plump woman, in the special forces’ overnight sally into Beirut, to “take out” three architects of the Black September massacre of Israeli athletes in the Munich Olympics. There’s a troubling recollection of the near-catastrophic Yom Kippur War, in which Israel lost 2,800 men and, particularly relevant at this time, he recalls the tension — and the reasons for it — within the Cabinet prior to “Operation Cast Lead” across the border into Gaza in 2007 against Hamas’s rocket attacks.
Unsurprisingly, he ruminates at length on the unsuccessful summit at Camp David in 2000, which he had pressed President Clinton to host and at which even the most generous of his offers to Yasser Arafat were met with a blank No! For the Economist, Barak emerged as a tragic figure — bold to the point of recklessness, desperate to succeed and seemingly flabbergasted to be turned down when he offered 90 per cent of the West Bank, 100 per cent of Gaza, a foothold in East Jerusalem and a symbolic return of some Palestinian refugees.
Barak was said by his critics to have locked himself in his cabin at Camp David during Clinton’s temporary absence, refusing to engage with the Palestinians. He himself admits that he absented himself deliberately for three days, running around Camp David in the sneakers he had thoughtfully brought with him, rather than hear another “No” from Arafat. The Palestinians claimed that Barak never engaged with Arafat directly, refused to put his ideas for a settlement in writing, never really intended to negotiate seriously and was not trusted by Arafat.
For all his military achievements (he is Israel’s most decorated soldier, of which he is immensely proud), Barak is an ardent peacenik, an opponent of Israel’s continued occupation, which he believes has harmed Jews as much as it has Palestinian Arabs, and a vociferous critic of the settlement movement.
The likelihood of Israel again producing a leader with an agenda and philosophy so amenable to Palestinian rights is most unlikely. In the end, Barak might not have won support at home, but Arafat at Camp David threw away the chance of negotiating the best settlement any Palestinian leader is ever likely to achieve.
He recalls at length the doomed Camp David summit of 2000
Geoffrey D Paul is a former editor of the JC