Grouse moors can play a big part in saving the threatened curlew from extinction

Dr Adam Smith reports on a worrying decline in numbers

The cur lewis now one of the most pressing bird conservation priorities in the UK. Its decline has been start ling and swift–a 46 percent drop nationally between 1994 and 2010, a 20 - 30 per cent reduction in breeding curlew numbers worldwide in the past 15 years, and a halving of our UK curlew population in the last 25 years.

We have a crucial role to play in curlew conservation because the UK accounts for around one fifth of the global population in the winter, and around one quarter of all breeding pairs in spring and summer, so what we do in the UK will have a major impact on the survival of this species.

It was added to the UK Red List at the end of 2015, the list that basically flags up a significant risk of species extinction.

But many will be familiar with the cry of the curlew, and would regard it as a familiar bird both across our farm lands, uplands and estuaries and mudflats where it over winters in flocks that can number into the thousands. So it’s important that we wake up to this crisis.

It is also important to note that, in terms of UK numbers, the decline is more marked in lowland areas south of Birmingham.

For the southern curlew it is estimated t hat only around 250 - 300 breeding pairs remain, meaning that if nothing changes then these birds will be gone in eight years. But what is causing this decline across the whole country? A great deal of research has been carried out to try to establish why this popular bird is in such dire straits, and the most important conclusion is that low breeding success is responsible.

While other factors such as loss and fragmentation of breeding habitat, urbanisation, afforestation, human disturbance, changes to wetland habitat and nest destruction due to agricultural factors have also played a part, low breeding success, rather than reduced adult survival, is the main cause.

This, in addition to habitat pressures, stacks the odds against the curlew. Increased predation is the main threat to breeding success, and one study has shown that more than 70 per cent of curlew nests ( between 1996 and 2006) did not result in the hatching of a single chick.

Of those that do survive only half make it to fledging–the ability to fly–fox es and crows being the main culprits in terms of taking a significant number of those chicks that did hatch. Adjusting farming

practices may still provide a lifeline t o t h o s e c u r l e w t h a t u s e l owl a n d ne s t i ng s i t e s , b ut t o c o ns e r ve t he species we must also protect the vast majority that breed in our uplands.

Research undertaken by the Game & Wi l d l i f e C o n s e r v a t i o n Tr u s t ( GWCT) has established that curlew thrive on grouse moors.

We used this work to predict what mi g h t h a p p e n w i t h a n d w i t h o u t gamekeepers killing foxes and crows over the next five years.

Our p r e d i c t i o n s s h ow t h a t wi t h gamekeepers the curlew population increases by 93 per cent and without them it falls by 6 per cent.

So a clear strategy would seem to be evident. Whilst the national decline may have originally been driven by h a b i t a t l o s s , we k n ow t h a t a c t i ve keepering in places where curlew are known to breed successfully, including grouse moors, is a vital component in preserving remaining breedi ng habi t a t a nd pr ot e c t i ng yo ung curlew from foxes and crows.

GWCT i s keen t o t r ack i nf orma - t i o n a b o u t c u r l e ws f r o m f a r mers and land managers, and we have an Action for Curlew campaign running on our website where we are gathering information about nest locations.

I n S c o t l a n d s p e c i f i c a l l y, we a r e running a programme of wader count training days for land managers as the more information that we have then the better we can understand how to provide local solutions.

We also have a free Conser ve the Curlew booklet available from our we b s i t e h e r e . w w w. g wc t . o r g . u k / action- for- curlew. If we act now, and act positively and de c i s i ve - l y, we may j u s t b e i n t i me – b u t t he cl o ck f or t he s ur vival of t he c u r l e w i n t h e U K i s c e r t a i n l y t i c k i n g . D r A d a m S m i t h , d i r e c t o r, S c o t l a n d , G a m e & Wi l d l i f e Conservation Trust.