Hidden history: Victorian Scotland’s patient-prisoners
Staring at the camera the unexpressive faces of the men and women incarcerated in a Scottish prison’s wing for the criminally insane reveal little of their turbulent past or what the future held in store for them.
Now Prisoners or Patients? – Criminal Insanity in Victorian Scotland, a free exhibition by the National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh opening today, reveals the crimes which horrified the nation, the perpetrators’ backgrounds and the twists and turns of how they lived out the rest of their lives.
It gives a glimpse into early penal polices and the infancy of psychiatry before mainstream drugs were available to treat conditions such as syphilis and epilepsy, whose range of symptoms could prompt a diagnosis of madness.
The prisoner-patients spent years and sometimes decades in the criminal lunatic department at Perth Prison, which was for those accused of murder and other serious crimes. Among them was Angus Mcphee, 26, from Benbecula, in the Outer Hebrides, who bludgeoned to death his parents and an aunt. He was admitted in 1857 and spent half a century locked up, regarded as more or less continually deranged for the first three decades.
During his trial and interviews with psychiatrists he spoke in Gaelic and his words were translated into English.
Also featured is Eliza Sinclair or Clafton who killed her two children.
Professor Rab Houston of the University of St Andrews, who curated the exhibition, said many of the mental health polices used for today’s prisoners had their roots in the Victorian era.
“I think the thing which really struck me was the amount of compassion shown to these prisoners and the effort put in to understand why the crime had been committed.
“There was a very rigorous process with dozens of testimonies from those who knew about the alleged crime or knew the accused, including household servants.
“The authorities wanted them admitted to the prison but they also monitored them. Some of the prisoner patients spent decades in the prison but the aim was to release them back out into society.
“But the Victorian ethos was about protecting the general public rather than the individual.”
Prof Houston said he was inspired to research the subject after giving a talk to prisoners in Barlinnie Prison in Glasgow about Dundee Lunatic Asylum in Liff.
“Afterwards a prisoner came up to me and said, ‘That was totally brilliant, but can’t you tell us about the criminals?’”
He will now give a series of talks about the exhibitions in prisons across Scotland.
The exhibition includes items such as letters, petitions, a crime scene map, court papers and medical reports.
The Prisons (Scotland) Act 1844 defined criminal lunatics as “insane persons charged with serious offences”.
They were sent to Perth Prison from 1846.
During the 1860s it had about 600 inmates, 60 staff, with accommodation for 35 male and 13 female prisoner-patients. n ‘Prisoners or Patients? Criminal Insanity in Victorian Scotland, Great Register House, 2 Princes Street, Edinburgh, today until 30 August 2019. 10am-4.30pm, free