Wildflowers creep north as plants react to climate change
● Data from 15,000 surveys assessed ● Drought a bigger risk than warming
Wildflowers are moving northwards into Scotland as temperatures rise, prompting calls to manage landscapes to make space for plants in the face of climate change.
Results from the first five years of the governmentfunded National Plant Monitoring Scheme, using data from 15,000 surveys by volunteer citizen scientists, already shows the impact of a warming world on the UK’S plants.
The data reveals plants such as wild orchids are expanding their range northwards, experts said.
The National Plant Monitoring Scheme looks at 30 different habitats, from woodland and hedgerows to blanket bogsandstreams,witharound 30 wildflowers to search for in each type of place.
Data is collected by volunteers, co-ordinated by wildlife charity Plantlife and analysed by botanists from a range of organisations led by the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH).
Bee orchids were not previously found in Scotland, but volunteers have discovered the plants, whose flowers resemble a bee’s backside, at several sites around Edinburgh and Glasgow.
Other specialist plants are moving outside their usual range, including mossy stonecrop, a succulent once only found in the New Forest and East Anglia, which is spreading to sandy habitats in Scotland.
Southern marsh-orchids, a tall plant found in damp grasslands, was once restricted to the southern half of the UK, but records have come in from asfarnorthasnewcastleupon Tyne.
Early meadow-grass was formerly only found on the Lizard Peninsula in the extreme south-west of England, but has now been recorded in Fishguard, south-west Wales, as well as Rosslare in Ireland, and central London.
There are also concerns about the threat and extinction risk to plants which have no further to go. These include Arctic and alpine species, which cannot go further up the mountains, such as Highland saxifrage.
And the increased risk of drought due to climate change puts many smaller, short-lived species at risk, with fairy flax, yellow-wort, soft brome and common mouse-ear suffering from heat and lack of water in 2018’s drought. But the results from the monitoring scheme also show a rise in species able to cope with drought.
These include salad burnet, a dark crimson flower found in old hay meadows, which has a longer root so it can reach down to moist soil, and wild thyme, which managed water loss with its tiny leaves.
The analysis also reveals the impact of nitrogen pollution, with nitrogen-hungry stinging nettles the most frequently recorded native species in woodlands.
Plantlife’s botanical specialist Dr Trevor Dines said experts had previously thought it would “take an awful lot” for plants to start moving northwards because their dispersal was very slow.
“To actually start seeing that now, coming through so strongly, is a real wake-up call,” he said.
“It proves to us that climate change is having a real impact.”
And he said: “Our concern is that we live in such a fragmented landscape, there aren’t the places for these plants to go.”
Growing chances of drought is even more of a risk than general warmer conditions, he warned.