Navigating the choppy waters of the oil crisis
The global oil industry is facing its biggest crisis in peacetime in 100 years, as the toxic combination of the Covid-19 pandemic and oversupply drive prices to record lows.
While some producers will have hedged against falling prices, those arrangements will come to an end over the next few months, with the potential for serious impairment to both equity and bond valuations if conditions do not improve.
Hedging arrangements will buy management teams time to implement cost-cutting measures, but restructuring or insolvency may be inevitable for a significant number of businesses unless relationship banks are willing to provide forbearance. Even then, the weight of the debt burden may prove overwhelming and, whatever happens, management teams will be under scrutiny from their shareholders, lenders, bond-holders and regulators.
Pinsent Masons acted on one of the industry’s largest cross-border collapses arising out of the 2014-15 price crash, giving us some insight into what might happen next. The longer the crisis, the more damage is done to underlying assets. An oil price crash to $20 or $30 a barrel, or less, is likely to be damaging to a large variety of exploration and production (E&P) firms. In such circumstances, a small minority of managers may make rash decisions, to protect their business or team or finances. This may involve cutting budgets, causing the breach of fundamental license obligations, compromising the safety of operations or generating environmental risks.
Stronger E&P companies biding their time before picking off cheap assets during this period of distress should be alert to the potential “corrosion” risks to target assets if they leave it too long before making an offer. There may be increasing incentives to hide damaging issues from potential buyers the longer this crisis continues.
Host states have been known to terminate hydrocarbons licence arrangements on grounds of economic distress short of insolvency. In many jurisdictions, licences – or licence interest documentation – may be imperilled, even if only one member of an unincorporated contractor association is insolvent. It is critical that E&P companies audit their licence arrangements and institute precautionary measures to guard against the insolvency of one of their joint venture partners should this seem likely.
Directors of distressed companies may eventually have to align to the interests of those higher up the credit chain such as banks, bond holders or speculative bridging lenders. Experience shows that these parties may contemplate litigation when little value can be salvaged elsewhere.
This will create major challenges for office holders, who are likely to be focused on saving their business. Management must study default provisions across their contracts and engage with creditors and other counterparties early on to pre-empt such disputes. Good relationships should also be maintained with team members, whose testimony may be critical in any formal process. For buyers under long-term oil and gas sales deals with “take or pay” arrangements, the benefits of lower oil prices may be outweighed by the inability to find buyers or use for the product or, failing that, storage capacity.
We expect to see discussions around take or pay commitments and whether they can be diluted in the current price climate.
Ultimately, parties will need to apply the relevant legal and commercial analysis to calculate where the various competing interests align. Joint venture partners, banks, bond holders, off-takers and regulators may all lose in a default situation, and a negotiated or mediated solution may be the best way forward. Given the many different stakeholders involved, a negotiated solution is likely to be the quickest and most cost-effective approach to resolving a cross-border E&P collapse, where a company’s ability to comply with its obligations is permanently impaired.
Akshai Fofaria, partner and specialist in energy projects and transactions at Pinsent Masons
Restructuring or insolvency may
be inevitable for a significant number of firms