NOW & THEN
22 AUGUST
1138: Battle of the Standard, and total defeat of the Scots under David I by the English near Northallerton.
1282: Devorgilla, Countess of Galloway, founded Balliol College, Oxford.
1485: The Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the War of the Roses.
1567: Duke of Alba established “Council of Blood” and began reign of terror as military governor in the Netherlands.
1582: Ruthven raid in which Protestant supporters captured King James VI while he was hunting and held him captive until June 1583.
1642: Civil War in England began between the supporters of Charles I (Royalists or Cavaliers) and of Parliament (Roundheads).
1788: British settlement in Sierra Leone, Africa, was founded as asylum for freed slaves and homeless Africans.
1798: French forces landed in Ireland.
1840: The first school railway excursion in Britain took Gateshead Fell National School to Tynemouth.
1933: The first boxing match was televised in Britain, by BBC.
1941: Nazi troops reached outskirts of Soviet city of Leningrad.
1947: The first Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama opened.
1960: Satirical revue Beyond The Fringe opened in Edinburgh.
1962: Fifteen terrorists attacked General de Gaulle in the worst of 31 attempts on his life. Despite being sprayed with 150 shots, he received only superficial cuts.
1972: Rhodesia was asked to withdraw from 20th Olympic Summer Games because of its racial policies.
1985: A British Airtours Boeing 737 burst into flames at the end of the runway at Manchester Airport when the take-off was aborted. Although 80 escaped, 55 died in the flames and fumes.
1990: Scores of angry smokers blocked the streets near Moscow’s Red Square to protest about summer-long cigarette shortage.
1990: Sir Claus Moser, president of the British Association, said Britain was in danger of becoming the worst educated country in the industrialised world.
1991: Prime minister John Major announced plans for a government-backed “Citizen’s Charter”.
1995: 85,000 people reported to have fled camps in Zaire as troops stepped up enforced repatriation of refugees to Rwanda and Burundi.
2003: Alabama chief justice Roy Moore was suspended after refusing to comply with a federal court order to remove a rock inscribed with the Ten Commandments from Alabama Supreme Court building.
2004: A version of The Scream and Madonna, two paintings by Edvard Munch, were stolen at gunpoint from a museum in Oslo.
2006: A plane crashed near the Russian border over eastern Ukraine, killing 170 people.
2010: More than 100 climate change protesters, dressed in white bio-hazard suits, stormed the Edinburgh HQ of Royal Bank of Scotland.
BIRTHDAYS
Steve Davis OBE, six-time world snooker champion, 63; Roland Orzabal, British pop musician (Tears For Fears), 59; Mats Wilander, tennis player, 56; Cindy Williams, US actress, 73; James Corden OBE, British actor and comedian, 42; Richard Armitage, British actor, 49; Ian Mitchell, musician (Bay City Rollers), 62
ANNIVERSARIES
Births: 1827 Joseph Strauss, Austrian composer; 1862 Claude Debussy, composer; 1893 Dorothy Parker, US satirical writer; 1902 Leni Riefenstahl, film director and photographer; 1908 Henri Cartier-bresson, photographer; 1920 John Lee Hooker, blues singer; 1920 Ray Bradbury, US sci-fi author; 1925 Honor Blackman, actress; 1928 Karlheinz Stockhausen, composer; 1939 Valerie Harper, US actress (Rhoda).
Deaths: 1922 Michael Collins, Irish patriot and IRA leader (assassinated); 1940 Sir Oliver Lodge, physicist and pioneer of wireless telegraphy; 1989 Lord Hill of Luton, BBC’S radio doctor; 1992 Raymond Brooks-ward, showjumping commentator; 1995 Johnny Carey, footballer; 2011 Jerry Leiber, US songwriter (Hound Dog); 2012 Nina Bawden CBE, British novelist.