Research reveals the potential of exosomes
TINY biological nanoparticles which transfer information between cells could offer “significant potential” in detecting and treating disease, Welsh scientists claim.
Researchers from Swansea University say exosomes – particles produced by all cells in the body – could play a huge role in cancer treatment and regenerative medicine.
They say exosomes act as “biological signalling systems”, communicating between cells, carrying proteins, lipids, DNA and RNA.
They drive biological processes, from modulating gene expression to transmitting information through breast milk.
Despite being discovered in 1983, the full potential of exosomes is only gradually being revealed.
Exosomes are between 30 and 130 nanometres in size. A nanometre is one-billionth of a metre in length.
The researchers say the nanoparticles’ possible medical benefits fall into three broad categories:
Detecting disease by acting as disease-specific biomarkers;
Activating immune responses to boost immunity;
Treating diseases, serving as the vehicle for drugs, for example bearing cancer therapies as their payload, to target tumours.
One of the most useful properties of exosomes is that they are able to cross barriers such as the plasma membrane of cells, or the blood/ brain barrier.
This makes them well-suited to delivering therapeutic molecules in a very targeted way. The potential benefits of exosomes can be seen in the wide range of research projects already either completed or under way, in areas such as:
Improved testing for prostate cancer; A small-cell lung cancer trial; Stem cell-derived exosomes strengthening heart muscles;
Regeneration of muscle and tissue; Parkinson’s; Diabetes;
Professor Steven Conlan from Swansea University, Dr Mauro Ferrari of Houston Methodist Research Institute in Texas, and Dr Inês Mendes Pinto from the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory in Portugal have all taken part in the research.
Their commissioned paper, Exosomes as Reconfigurable Therapeutic Systems, was published on Thursday by Cell Press in Trends in Molecular Medicine.
Professor Conlan of Swansea University Medical School, one of the authors of the paper, said: “Our survey of research into exosomes shows clearly that they offer enormous potential as a basis for detecting and treating disease.
“Further studies are necessary to turn this research into clinical outcomes, but researchers and funders should be very encouraged by our findings.
“Our own research in Swansea is investigating the use of exosomes and exosome-like synthetic nanoparticles in combatting ovarian and endometrial cancer.
“Progress in this field depends on partnership.
“As the authorship of our own paper illustrates, researchers in different countries are increasingly working together in nano-health.
“Swansea University has wider links with Houston and Portuguese based researchers in the field.
“It’s also important to build partnerships outside academia, in particular with government and companies in this fast-growing sector.”
The team caution that there is more to do before research into exosomes translates into new techniques and treatments.
Side-effects need to be considered, and a standardised approach to isolating, characterising and storing exosomes will need to be developed.
Researchers will also need to ensure that the properties of exosomes do not end up causing harm: for example they can transfer drug resistance and pacify the immune system.