Key withdrawal shows Ukraine does not have enough artillery
Russia has taken control of Avdiivka, a city in eastern Ukraine that has been the focus of intense combat for months. It’s a development that Moscow could use to boost morale as the second anniversary of its full-scale invasion of Ukraine approaches with the war largely at a stalemate. Samya Kullab of the Associated Press reports
DWINDLING ammunition threatens Ukraine’s hold on the 1,000km front line under withering assault by Russian artillery. Defensive lines are in jeopardy. Ukrainian forces withdrew from the city of Avdiivka, in the Donetsk region, on Saturday after daily Russian onslaughts from three directions for the last four months.
Avdiivka was a stronghold for Ukrainian positions deeper inside the country, away from Russia.
A frontline city ever since Russia first invaded Ukraine in 2014, the fortified settlement with a maze of trenches and tunnels served to protect important – less strengthened – logistical hubs further west.
Its seizure boosts Russian morale and confirms that the Kremlin’s troops are now setting the pace in the fight, to the dismay of Ukrainian forces who have managed only incremental gains since their counteroffensive last year.
The Biden administration linked the loss of Avdiivka to Congressional inaction on $60bn in military aid for Ukraine.
President Joe Biden said he told Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in a Saturday telephone call after Ukraine announced it was withdrawing troops from Avdiivka that he remained confident that the US funding would eventually come through.
But when reporters asked if he was confident a deal could be struck before Ukraine loses more territory, Biden responded: “I’m not.”
The Associated Press interviewed more than a dozen commanders, including heads of artillery units, in the war’s most intense combat zones in the weeks ahead of Avdiivka’s fall.
They said shortages, which have always plagued Ukrainian forces since the full-scale invasion, grew acute last autumn.
Dwindling supplies of Westernsupplied long-range artillery in particular means Ukrainian forces are inhibited from striking high-value targets deep behind Russian lines, where heavy equipment and personnel are accumulated.
For weeks, Ukrainian forces across the frontline have complained about critical shortages in ammunition, with some artillery batteries fighting with only 10% of supply they need.
Desperate to economise shells, military leaders ordered units to fire at only precise targets.
But commanders on the ground say this is barely enough to restrain their better-supplied enemy.
Concerns are growing that without military aid the fall of Avdiivka may be repeated in other parts of the frontline.
The withdrawal of Ukrainian soldiers from the heavily fortified town handed Russia its biggest victory since the battle of Bakhmut last year. It will allow the Kremlin’s troops to push their offensive further west, deeper into Ukrainian-held territory over less-fortified areas.
Pokrovsk, a railway junction further east, could be the next Russian objective, military bloggers said.
Russian military officials and war bloggers said that the capture of Avdiivka reduced the threat to the Russian-held city of Donetsk.
“Currently the ammunition deficit is quite serious. We are constantly promised that more is coming, but we don’t see it coming,” said Khorobryi, commander of an artillery battery. Their battery has only 5-10% of ammunition needed, he said.
That, he said, robs forces of their ability to effectively attack and regain territories.
Even worse, Ukraine loses fighters because it cannot give infantry covering fire.
He, like other officers interviewed for this story, spoke on condition that only their first names be used for security reasons.
“We have nothing to fight with, we have nothing to cover our frontlines,” said Valerie, who commands a howitzer unit that uses NATO-standard 155 mm rounds. To repel a Russian attack, he said they needed 100-120 shells per unit per day.
Today they have a tenth of that, he said.
Ukrainian soldiers positioned in Avdiivka said that before the fall of the city Russia had switched tactics to capitalise on dire ammunition shortages.
Instead of sending columns of armed vehicles, Moscow’s forces began dispatching waves of smaller infantry groups to engage Ukrainian forces in close quarters.
It meant Ukrainian forces had to expel “five times” more ammunition to keep them at bay.
“The enemy also understands and feels our capabilities, and with that, they manage to succeed,” said Chaklun, a soldier in the 110th Brigade.
Concerns abound about how the ammunition shortage will impact Ukrainian forces in other sectors of the frontline.
The Kupiansk line, in Ukraine’s north east, is fragile. Russia has been intensifying attacks in that direction for months in a bid to recapture the important logistics hub it had lost in the autumn of 2022.
Yuri, the commander of the 44th Brigade in Kupiansk, said his aerial reconnaissance units spot many long-range targets, including Russian mortars and grenade launchers, but because they don’t have enough ammunition they can’t hit them.
Oleksandr, the commander of a battalion of the 32nd Brigade in Kupiansk, said he had just enough shells – for now.
“But it depends on the intensity from the Russian side. If they increase it, it won’t be enough to hold this line,” he said.
■ Samya Kullab is an AP correspondent covering Ukraine for The Associated Press since June 2023. Before that, she covered Iraq and the wider Middle East from her base in Baghdad since joining the AP in 2019.