U.S. files retaliatory tariff protests with WTO

National security asserted as basis for original levees

WASHINGTON — The Trump administration on Monday brought cases against China, the European Union, Canada, Mexico and Turkey at the World Trade Organization for retaliating against American tariffs on imported steel and aluminum.

The United States has imposed tariffs of 25 percent on steel and 10 percent on aluminum on the grounds that the imported metals pose a threat to U.S. national security. China, the EU, Canada, Mexico and Turkey have counterpunched with taxes on more than $24 billion worth of U.S. exports.

Earlier Monday, China announced it had filed its own WTO challenge. That challenge is to President Donald Trump’s latest tariff threat against Beijing.

U.S. Trade Rep. Robert Lighthizer said other countries’ retaliation to the U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs violates the rules of the Geneva-based WTO, which mediates trade disputes.

“Instead of working with us to address a common problem, some of our trading partners have elected to respond with retaliatory tariffs designed to punish American workers, farmers and companies,” Lighthizer said.

In taxing imported steel and aluminum from some countries in March and others in June, Trump deployed a little-used weapon in American trade policy: Under the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, presidents are empowered to impose unlimited tariffs on imports that the Commerce Department asserts are threats to America’s national security.

The WTO gives countries broad leeway to determine national security interests. But there was long an unwritten agreement that WTO member countries would use the national-security justification only very sparingly to avoid abuses.

Trump’s steel and aluminum tariffs broke that taboo. Now the Commerce Department is pursuing another, bigger national-security case against auto imports. Hearings on the proposed auto tariffs are set for Thursday and Friday in Washington.

Separately, Trump is engaged in a trade war with China over the aggressive tactics Beijing has used to challenge U.S. technological dominance. According to the Trump administration, these include outright cybertheft and forcing U.S. companies to hand over trade secrets in exchange for access to the Chinese market.

Last week, the administration announced 10 percent tariffs on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods, which won’t take effect until at least September. On Monday, China said that it filed a WTO challenge against those proposed U.S. tariffs.

China’s WTO challenge is part of an emerging campaign in which it is stepping up diplomatic efforts to counter U.S. pressure in the spiraling technology dispute.