Free expression is taking a hit
White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders recently pounced on ESPN anchor Jemele Hill’s tweet calling President Trump a white supremacist. The tweet, Sanders said, was a “fireable offense.” While outrage is surging on all sides, Sanders’ intemperate use of her White House podium should not come as a big surprise. Harsh private punishments for speech are now commonplace.
Days ago, the University of Oregon fired Matthew Halls, the director of its Bach Festival. Though the university denies it, a festival performer claims that Halls was dismissed for a joke, told privately, that was misunderstood as racist.
This summer, media commentator Lisa Durden was fired by
Essex College in New
Jersey for defending a black-only event on Fox News, saying “you couldn’t use your ‘white privilege’ card to get in.” At Harvard University, 10 incoming freshman saw their acceptances revoked after they shared standard-issue offensive memes in a closed Facebook group. In June, CNN’s series The Believer was abruptly canceled after its host, religion expert Reza Aslan, fired off a foul-mouthed tweet criticizing Trump.
Most of those terminated were stunned. The red lines they crossed were less red than gray, unarticulated and indistinct until after the fact. In several cases, the outcomes were far in excess of sanctions imposed in similar past instances.
Recent harsh punishments for speech can only inspire college students, television commentators and all of us to think twice before saying something that might offend, jeopardizing our culture of free expression.
Conscientiousness is a good thing. After television host Bill Maher got into hot water for using the N-word on air, rapper Ice-T dubbed the incident a “teachable moment.” Harvard students should avoid promoting racist and sexist jokes, and television hosts should eschew slurs. The rise of hate groups, due to divisive rhetoric and Trump administration policies, has made it more important than ever to avoid language that can fan animosity.
But when indeterminate gray lines govern speech subject to draconian sanctions, they can deter more than menacing rhetoric. Nowadays opining on a wide range of subjects—the president, race, gender, privilege—can trigger alarm bells and outrage. Prudence may counsel avoiding sensitive terrain entirely, leading to a soft form of self-censorship that narrows our discourse and prevents necessary conversations on tough topics.
Opaque and selective enforcement of ill-defined limitations on speech is a mainstay in authoritarian settings. China scholar Perry Link has said, “Clarity serves the purpose of the censoring state only when it wants to curb a very specific kind of behavior; when it wants to intimidate a large group, vagueness works much better.” Russian columnist Maria Snegovaya describes repression implemented “on a selective basis, targeting certain media outlets or individuals in order to motivate self-censorship among the rest.”
There are essential differences between a state’s deliberate capriciousness aimed to chill speech writ large and numerous independent entities with varied motivations making caseby-case decisions. Private universities and media organizations are not subject to First Amendment prohibitions on censoring speech. They are, however, among the institutions in civil life that profess the values of free expression and the exchange of ideas. Harsh punishments for expression that does not violate laws against harassment, threats or incitement to violence must be weighed against this commitment.
Private institutions should at the very least be upfront about what they expect and from whom. But neither Harvard nor CNN have explained their decisions to punish speech, while Essex College allegedly told Durden she was fired because she had improperly identified herself as an Essex professor on the show (she didn’t).
When the statements in question are out in the open, obscuring the logic behind their consequences can have perverse results. In the case of CNN, particularly since Aslan quickly apologized for his indiscretions, some supporters opined that his swift ouster could only be explained by racism or anti-Muslim sentiment. Others chalked up the result to virulent conservative outcry, accusing the network of bowing to pressure. Openness about the reasoning and analysis behind institutional decisions would help bring clarity, avoid nefarious inferences and help people understand the rules at play.
At a time when offensive speech goes viral and society seems to revel in seeing powerful personalities and organizations laid low, leaders may feel inclined to cauterize controversies through decisive, even scorching action. But harsh, irreversible punishments for speech cause collateral damage, instilling fear in all of us that saying the wrong thing—even in jest or in private—may be our undoing. This zero-tolerance approach to offense, where one strike may mean you’re out, fosters a culture of caution and “gotcha” attacks that are inimical to open discourse.
When particular words reflect a pervasive pattern of offensive views evinced by a speaker, that’s one thing. When someone strays across hardto-discern gray lines just once, institutions would do well to consider whether remorse, recompense and remediation are viable alternatives to expulsion. While greater leniency toward expression may mean that an institution takes more heat in the short term, it can also avoid casting a lasting chill on speech.