U.S.-based trio wins Nobel for physics
Researchers used laser device to confirm Einstein’s gravitational-wave theory
WASHINGTON — Three U.S.-based scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for detecting faint ripples flying through the universe — the gravitational waves predicted a century ago by Albert Einstein that provide a new understanding of the universe.
For decades, astronomers tried to prove Einstein right by detecting the waves. They failed repeatedly until two years ago when they finally spotted one. Then another. And another. And another.
Sweden’s Royal Academy of Sciences cited the combination of highly advanced theory and ingenious equipment design in awarding Rainer Weiss of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Barry Barish and Kip Thorne of the California Institute of Technology.
“It’s a win for the human race as a whole. These gravitational waves will be powerful ways for the human race to explore the universe,” Thorne said.
The three were part of a team of more than 1,000 astronomers who first observed gravitational waves in September 2015. When the discovery was announced several months later, it was a sensation not only among scientists but also the general public. These are waves that go through everything — including people — but carry information on them that astronomers could not get otherwise.
“The best comparison is when Galileo discovered the telescope, which allowed us to see that Jupiter had moons. And all of a sudden, we discovered that the universe was much vaster than we used to think about,” Ariel Goobar of the Swedish academy said.
Weiss said he hopes that eventually gravitational waves will help scientists learn about “the very moment when the universe came out of nothingness.”
Gravitational waves were first theorized a century ago by Einstein, but he didn’t think technology would ever be able to detect the tiny wobbles, smaller than a piece of an atom.
The waves are like “a storm in the fabric of space-time that is produced when two black holes collide,” Thorne said. The first detection came from a crash 1.3 billion light-years away. A light-year is about 5.88 trillion miles.
The prize is “a win for Einstein, and a very big one,” Barish said.
The waves are detected by a laser device, called an interferometer, which must be both exquisitely precise and extremely stable in a project that cost $1.1 billion. The first observation involved two of the devices about 1,900 miles apart — in Hanford, Wash., and Livingston, La. They came about 7 milliseconds apart, consistent with the speed of light.
A new detector in Italy went online and helped in the discovery of the fourth wave.
With the technology that the three developed, “we may even see entirely new objects that we haven’t even imagined yet,” said Patrick Sutton, an astronomer at Cardiff University in Wales.
The German-born Weiss, 85, who initially spearheaded the research effort, was awarded half of the $1.1 million prize. Thorne, 77, a theorist, and Barish, 81, one of the project’s directors, will split the other half.
For decades, the scientists pushed for money to start the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory project, getting their first National Science Foundation grant in 1992. The first version of the detector went through six long runs looking for gravitational waves, but didn’t find them because it wasn’t technologically precise enough, Barish said.
Additionally, computer programs needed to solve Einstein’s equations weren’t quite right, and “the quest was foundering,” said Thorne, who peeled away from the detector work to form another collaboration to get better computing for detection.
Two decades after construction “we finally struck gold,” Barish said.
Weiss also overcame failure. After flunking out of MIT, he didn’t have anything to do, so he offered himself as an electronics technician to a lab at MIT and learned how to solder. He returned to school, got his bachelor’s and doctorate at MIT and ended up as a professor there.
“There was a person who thought I was OK. I wasn’t a complete dope,” Weiss said. “I got some confidence out of that.”
In a moment of poetry aimed at making the distant and infinitesimal phenomenon understandable to nonexperts, the academy announcement said gravitational waves “are always created when a mass accelerates, like when an ice-skater pirouettes or a pair of black holes rotate around each other.”
Professor Alberto Vecchio, from the University of Birmingham’s Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, said this discovery will produce results for decades to come.
“They have taken me, as well as hundreds of my colleagues, through such an intellectually rewarding and recently adrenaline-packed journey that we could not have even remotely imagined,” he said. “The best part is that this is just the beginning of a new roller-coaster exploration of the universe.”
For the past 25 years, the Nobel physics prize has been shared among multiple winners.
Last year’s prize went to three British-born researchers who applied the mathematical discipline of topology to help understand the workings of exotic matter such as superconductors and superfluids.
The 2017 Nobel prizes kicked off Monday with the medicine prize being awarded to three Americans studying circadian rhythms, better known as body clocks: Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young.
The chemistry prize will be announced today, the Nobel literature prize on Thursday and the peace prize on Friday. The economics prize, which is not technically a Nobel, will be awarded on Monday.
Information for this article was contributed by David Keyton, Christopher Weber, Rodrigue Ngowi, Collin Binkley, Bob Lentz, Michelle Monroe and Malcolm Ritter of The Associated Press.