When drilling gets loud, sparrows go low
If a sparrow sings his heart out on an oil field, but his would-be sweetheart can’t hear him above the oil pumps, what’s a bird to do?
In Alberta, Canada, researchers analyzed hundreds of hours of Savannah sparrow love songs and discovered something extraordinary: To be heard above the din, the birds are changing their tune in complex ways that scientists are only starting to understand.
“They’re tailoring their songs depending on which part of their message is the most affected,” said Miyako Warrington, a University of Manitoba biologist who led a study on how sparrows cope with noise from the oil and gas infrastructure that dots Canada’s landscape. “This seems to show a complex level of adaptation. It’s not just everybody talking louder.”
Warrington is a scholar who studies the noise generated by human activity — drills, turbines, roaring jet engines — and how that affects the natural world around us.
Mining on the fringes of the Brazilian rain forest, for instance, is disrupting the calls of local black-fronted titi monkeys, a study found in 2017. Whales and dolphins are known to be particularly vulnerable to the groans of ship engines or offshore drilling, which can disrupt the complex ways they communicate. Research has shown that noise pollution has doubled the background sound levels in more than 60 percent of protected areas in the United States.
And humans are not immune to the din. Epidemiologists have linked traffic noise to cardiovascular and other diseases.
Scholars of birdsong have long noticed that avian citydwellers sound different from their peers in the country. But Warrington wanted to understand how wild birds adapt to the pumps and drills that oil and gas development have brought to wide swaths of North America.
Her team at Manitoba decided to focus on the mating call of the male Savannah sparrow, a bird slightly larger than a tennis ball and with handsome, streaky feathers and a dash of yellow above the eye. Once commonly found on North America’s grasslands, Savannah sparrow populations are on the decline as their natural habitat has dwindled.
In a quiet place, the male sparrow’s love song is a string of playful staccatos followed by a throaty buzz and a final, triumphant trill. Using past research on sparrow songs, Warrington offered an approximate translation of what is essentially a pickup line: “Hey, hey, sexy, hey, I’m Bob, a Savannah sparrow, I’m sexy, sexy.”
In the presence of the screw pump, the sparrow not only adapts the middle section of his song but also lowers the pitch of the opening notes. Warrington suggests that the first section is where the song most closely overlaps with the sounds of the screw pump, and that lowering the pitch improves the chances that the opening motif will not be drowned out.
73 BIRDS, 26 SITES
Each bird, of course, adds its own quirks to its songs. To better understand an overall pattern of changes, the research team tracked and recorded 73 male Savannah sparrows at 26 sites within 200 kilometers (125 miles) of the city of Brooks, at the heart of Canada’s oil country.
The researchers looked at sites near four types of oil and gas infrastructure: grid-powered screw pumps, generator-powered screw pumps, compressor stations that pump natural gas from wells and oil-well pump jacks with the “nodding head” pumps. The team also recorded birds at sites with no oil infrastructure.
Overall, the team found that birds altered their songs most near generator-powered screw pumps — the loudest of the four types of oil infrastructure studied. The most common difference was in pitch and in the opening notes and buzzy parts of their songs. Researchers did not find that the content of the songs changed.
There was no consistent change to the final trill. That appeared to be a personal flourish that male sparrows changed at whim.
DOES IT WORK?
Warrington and her colleagues are now looking at how changes to songs can affect a bird’s reproductive chances. Separate research on mountain bluebirds and ash-throated flycatchers in New Mexico showed signs of chronic stress in birds exposed to steady noise from oil and gas infrastructure. In some cases, their chicks showed signs of stunted growth.
“The birds are altering their signals — but are these birds fine then? No, evolution doesn’t work like that,” said Nathan Kleist, a postdoctoral researcher in conservation biology at Colorado State University and a lead author of the study in New Mexico. Industrial noise, he said, “is having impacts on wildlife that we are just now beginning to understand.”
In an early encouraging sign, a follow-up study of female Savannah sparrows’ mating behavior — reciprocal calls, flirtatious wing flicks, annoyed attacks — showed that the male birds may be successfully wooing their belles with their modified tunes.
“We were worried that by changing their pitch, birds that used to sound like, say, George Clooney would now sound like Bart Simpson, and that might mean the ladies never come,” Warrington said. “But what you hope for is that, in the face of noise, you change your voice, and it’s still good.”