Experts question use of melatonin
Whether you reached for melatonin to ward off the “coronasomnia” that set in during the pandemic or you have turned to the supplement for years, taking it can become a comforting nightly ritual — almost like an insurance policy for uneasy sleepers.
For some, though, that ritual has become an annoyance. As increasing numbers of people turn to melatonin, and more report taking high doses of the supplement, those who try to give up the supplement might find the process harder than they anticipated.
On TikTok, the hashtag #melatoninaddict has racked up more than 1 million views, with people swapping stories about craving the supplement, or being unable to sleep without it. People on Reddit forums fret over how to stop taking melatonin after years of nightly use.
Eric Brost, 33, started taking melatonin when he was in graduate school and was struggling to fall asleep. Over the five years that followed, he yo-yoed between doses, trying to taper to half a pill at a time before going back to one each night, or on some nights, more than one. Each time he tried to wean off melatonin, he found himself returning to it.
“I’d go back to taking it just out of anxiety,” he said. He eventually went to a sleep therapist, who encouraged him to stop taking the supplement entirely. He started cognitive behavioral therapy for sleep, which helped him get through the night. “I just cut cold turkey,” he said.
Melatonin is not addictive, according to sleep experts and psychologists. There is no evidence that you can become physically dependent on the supplement, and you typically won’t develop withdrawal symptoms if you stop taking it. But if you’ve become convinced that taking melatonin is crucial for sleep, experts say, you still could struggle to kick the habit.
“You can become psychologically dependent on Tic Tacs if you believe you have to have them,” said Philip Gehrman, a clinical psychologist with the Penn Sleep Center at the University of Pennsylvania.
Someone who relies on melatonin might worry that they can’t sleep without it — an anxiety that, in itself, makes falling asleep more difficult, said Jennifer Martin, president of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine board of directors and a professor of medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. She has seen that pattern in a number of patients.
“People say, ‘I try and try and try, and then I give up and take something,’” she said. “But it’s the giving up that helps them fall asleep, not the taking something.”
So what should you do if you want to wean yourself off melatonin? Sleep specialists and doctors offered a few tips.
HOW IT WORKS
Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. It is produced primarily in a brain structure called the pineal gland. During the day, the gland does not create melatonin. After the sun sets, darkness triggers it to secrete the hormone, causing drowsiness and other signals that it’s time to sleep.
When you take a melatonin pill, liquid or gummy, “you’re just supplementing what your body is naturally doing anyway,” said Dr. Marri Horvat, a sleep disorder specialist at the Cleveland Clinic.
Some studies have shown that melatonin can help people fall asleep faster and stay asleep longer. But in several clinical trials, supplements were about as effective as a placebo, Martin said, suggesting that the sleep aid’s power might be partly psychological.
SCANT RESEARCH
Like most supplements sold in the United States, melatonin isn’t regulated by the federal Food and Drug Administration as strictly as prescription or over-thecounter medications — and the amount of melatonin in a pill or gummy can vary drastically, said Dr. Charles A. Czeisler, who is the chief of a division of the Brigham and Women’s Hospital that treats sleep and circadian rhythm disorders.
In general, experts consider melatonin to be safe for short-term use, say, a few nights per week for one to four weeks, Horvat said. Most people will not experience side effects, she said, although some might feel groggy or lightly “hung over” when they wake up. She typically tells patients to first try taking it once or twice a week to see if it helps.
Doctors know far less about the long-term effects of melatonin. “For almost any medication, whether it’s prescription or over-the-counter, rarely are long-term studies done,” Gehrman explained. Several reviews have attempted to quantify long-term side effects of melatonin but have found precious little data from rigorous studies.
Taking the supplement for years is likely to pose minimal risk for the average person, experts said, but there isn’t enough evidence to say for sure.
TIPS FOR DROPPING OFF
Trying to fall asleep without melatonin can feel overwhelming, especially if you’ve taken it for years, Horvat said. Experts offered these tips to make the process a little easier:
Make a game plan before bed.
Rather than waiting until bedtime to decide whether or not you’ll take the supplement, make a plan. Otherwise, you could agonize over the decision, effectively winding yourself up when you’re supposed to be relaxing, Gehrman said.
He suggested that people forgoing their nightly melatonin make a backup plan. You can tell yourself that if you still can’t sleep by 11 p.m., for example, you’ll take it.
“Sometimes even knowing that it’s there will help,” said Dr. Margarita Rohr, a clinical assistant professor of medicine at NYU Langone Health.
Use good sleep hygiene.
Aim to wake up and go to bed around the same time each day, including on the weekends. Make sure your room is quiet and dark enough (a sleep mask can help block external light) and avoid rigorous exercise for at least an hour and a half before bed, Rohr said. (Working out earlier in the day, however, can help you sleep.)
You should also limit your caffeine consumption throughout the day and avoid alcohol in the hours right before you go to sleep.
Since blue light suppresses natural melatonin production, avoid screens for one to two hours before bedtime, Horvat said. “Your phone should not be in your bedroom,” she added.
Instead, try journaling before bed, particularly if you are anxious about falling asleep. You can make a list of your worries, getting them down on paper instead of brooding over them.
And if you wake up during the night and can’t fall back asleep, don’t just lie there. Get out of bed and try doing an activity that relaxes you, like reading a book or listening to a podcast.
Substitute a different ritual.
People might find melatonin effective because taking it provides a routine, signaling to your brain that you’re ready to sleep and functioning as a comforting ritual, Rohr said.
You can swap melatonin for something else — a nightly cup of chamomile tea, for instance, or a warm bath before bed. Try something you can repeat night after night, making it part of your sleep hygiene practice.
Seek help as needed.
People sometimes use melatonin as a bandage rather than addressing underlying concerns that prevent them from sleeping well. Anxiety and depression can contribute to insomnia, and conditions such as sleep apnea can also cause poor sleep.
If you’re concerned about your sleep patterns, or find yourself unable to fall asleep each night for a prolonged period, talk to a primary care physician or sleep disorder specialist. They can screen for any underlying problems and offer strategies for dealing with insomnia, including cognitive behavioral therapy.