What befell diplomats in Cuba a mystery
Nothing explains strange maladies affecting 21 envoys.
WASHINGTON — The blaring, grinding noise jolted the American diplomat from his bed in a Havana hotel. He moved just a few feet, and there was silence. He climbed back into bed. Inexplicably, the agonizing sound hit him again. It was as if he’d walked through some invisible wall cutting straight through his room.
Soon came the hearing loss, and the speech prob- lems, symptoms both similar and altogether different from others among at least 21 U.S. victims in an astonishing international mystery still unfolding in Cuba. The top U.S. diplomat has called them “health attacks.”
Now, new details indicate at least some of the incidents were confined to specific rooms or even parts of rooms with laser-like specificity, baffling U.S. officials who say the facts and the phys- ics don’t add up.
“None of this has a reasonable explanation,” said Fulton Armstrong, a former CIA official who served in Havana long before America reopened an embassy there. “It’s just mystery after mystery after mystery.”
Suspicion initially focused on a sonic weapon, and on the Cubans. Yet the diagnosis of mild brain injury, consid- ered unlikely to result from sound, has confounded the FBI, the State Department and U.S. intelligence agen- cies involved in the investigation.
Some victims now have problems concentrating or recalling specific words, several officials said, the latest signs of more serious dam- age than the U.S. government initially realized. The United States first acknowl- edged the attacks in August — nine months after symp- toms were first reported.
It may seem the stuff of sci-fi novels or the cloak- and-dagger rivalries that haven’t fully dissipated despite the historic U.S.-Cuban rapprochement two years ago. But this is Cuba, the land of poisoned cigars, exploding seashells and covert subterfuge by Washington and Havana, where the unimag- inable in espionage has often been all too real.
The Trump administration still hasn’t identified a culprit or a device to explain the attacks, according to interviews with more than a dozen current and former U.S. offi- cials, Cuban officials and oth- ers briefed on the investiga- tion. Most demanded anonymity.
“The investigation into all of this is still under way. It is an aggressive investigation,” State Department spokes- woman Heather Nauert said Thursday. “We will continue doing this until we find out who or what is responsible for this.”
In fact, almost nothing about what went down in Havana is clear. Investigators have tested several theories about an intentional attack — by Cuba’s government, a rogue faction of its security forces, a third country like Russia, or some combination thereof. Yet they have left open the possibility an advanced espionage operation went horribly awry, or that some other, less nefarious explanation is to blame.
Aside from their homes, officials said Americans were attacked in at least one hotel, a fact not previously disclosed. An incident occurred on an upper floor of the recently reno- vated Hotel Capri.
The cases vary deeply: different symptoms, different recollections of what happened. That’s what makes the puzzle so difficult to crack.
In several episodes recounted by U.S. officials, victims knew something was happening, and there were indications of a sonic attack.
Some felt vibrations, and heard sounds — loud ringing or a high-pitch chirping sim- ilar to crickets or cicadas. Others heard the grinding noise. Some victims awoke with ringing in their ears and fumbled for their alarm clocks, only to discover the ringing stopped when they moved away from their beds.
The attacks seemed to come at night in what several victims reported were minute-long bursts.
Yet others heard and felt nothing. Later, their symp- toms came.
The scope of the damage keeps widening. On Tuesday, the State Department disclosed that doctors had con- firmed another two cases, bringing the total number of American victims to 21. Some have mild traumatic brain injury, known as a con- cussion, and others, perma- nent hearing loss.
Even the potential motive is unclear. Investigators are at a loss to explain why a handful of Canadians were harmed, too. Unlike the U.S., C anada has main- tained warm ties to Cuba for decades.
Sound and health experts are equally baffled. Targeted, localized beams of sound are possible, but the laws of acoustics suggest such a device would prob- ably be large and not easily concealed. Officials said it’s unclear whether the device’s effects were localized by design or due to some other technical factor.
And no single, sonic gadget seems to explain such an odd, inconsistent array of physical responses.
“Brain damage and concussions, it’s not possible,” said Joseph Pompei, a former MIT researcher and psycho- acoustics expert. “Somebody would have to submerge their head into a pool lined with very powerful ultrasound transducers.”
Other symptoms have included brain swelling, dizziness, nausea, severe head- aches, balance problems and tinnitus, or prolonged ring- ing in the ears. Many victims have shown improvement since leaving Cuba and some suffered only minor or temporary symptoms.
After the U.S. complained to Cuba’s government earlier this year and Canada detected its own cases, the FBI and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police traveled to Havana to investigate.
FBI investigators swept the rooms, looking for devices. They found nothing, several officials briefed on the investigation said.
In May, Washington expelled two Cuban diplo- mats to protest the commu- nist government’s failure to protect Americans serv- ing there. But the U.S. has taken pains not to accuse Havana of perpetrating the attacks. It’s a sign investigators believe that even if elements of Cuba’s security forces were involved, it wasn’t necessarily directed from the top.
Cuba’s government declined to answer specific questions about the incidents, pointing to a previous Foreign Affairs Ministry statement denying any involvement, vowing full cooperation and saying it was treating the situation “with utmost importance.”
“Cuba has never, nor would it ever, allow that the Cuban territory be used for any action against accredited diplomatic agents or their families, without exception,” the Cuban statement said.
After half a century of estrangement, the U.S. and Cuba in 2015 restored diplomatic ties. Embassies were reopened and restrictions on travel and commerce eased. President Donald Trump has reversed some of those changes, but left others in place.
Mark Feierstein, who oversaw the Cuba detente on President Barack Obama’s National Security Council, noted that Cuban authorities have been uncharacteristically cooperative with the investigation.
If the Trump administration felt confident Raul Castro’s government was to blame, it’s likely the U.S. would have already taken major punitive steps, like shuttering the newly re-established American Embassy. And the U.S. hasn’t stopped sending diplomats to Cuba even as the victim list grows.
“Had they thought the Cuban government was deliberately attacking American diplomats, that would have had a much more negative effect,” Feierstein said. “We haven’t seen that yet.”