Link between breastfeeding, IQ still uncertain
Health benefits well known; effect on the brain harder to establish conclusively
Doctors encourage new mothers to breastfeed their babies for lots of reasons. Compared with babies who get formula, breastfed infants are less likely to die of infection, sudden infant death syndrome or any other cause. The longer a mother nurses — and the longer she does so exclusively — the greater the benefits, studies show.
Another perceived benefit of breastfeeding is the possibility that it boosts a baby’s brain. A clinical trial involving more than 16,000 infants in Belarus who were randomly assigned to get either special support for breastfeeding (based on a program from the World Health Organization and UNICEF) or a hospital’s usual care found that babies in the first group scored an average of 7.5 points higher on a verbal IQ test and 5.9 points higher on overall IQ. Teachers, apparently, could tell the difference — children whose moms got extra help with breastfeeding got higher marks in school for both reading and writing.
That result is something of an outlier. In an analysis of 17 studies on breastfeeding and IQ, the four that were considered to be of highest quality — each had at least 500 participants and took a mother’s IQ into account, among other things — also found an association between breastfeeding and IQ, though the benefit was only 1.76 points, on average.
The latest data come from a study of about 7,500 Irish children been tracked since birth as part of the ongoing Growing Up in Ireland study. The results were published Monday by the journal Pediatrics.
Unlike the kids in Belarus, the Irish children were not randomly assigned to groups that got more or less help with breastfeeding. But researchers did their best to get around this problem by simulating random assignments. They identified pairs of children who seemed to be equally likely to be breastfed — based on factors like ethnicity, the mother’s educational background and whether they had to spend time in the neonatal intensive care unit — except that one of them actually was and the other wasn’t. Using this matching technique, the researchers found very little difference in cognitive development between the two groups of children.
In the rough analysis, the children who were breastfed did better on tests of problem solving and hyperactivity. However, after the researchers accounted for other factors, the apparent benefits for problem solving were no longer statistically significant.
The study authors, from University College Dublin in Ireland, were surprised by the findings. They noted that breast milk contains nutrients that boost an infant’s growing brain.
In a commentary that accompanies the study, Dr. Lydia Furman of Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital suggested that this won’t be the last word on breastfeeding and brain growth. On the one hand, the preponderance of studies shows that there’s “a small but durable impact of breastfeeding on intelligence.” On the other hand, the more that researchers are able to account for factors like a mother’s IQ and the exact duration of nursing, the weaker the relationship between nursing and intelligence is likely to get.
“Breastfeeding has an array of life-saving maternal, child, and societal benefits, even if childhood behavioral outcomes are not affected,” Furman wrote.
The researchers, led by childhood development expert Lisa-Christine Girard, agreed.
“The medical benefits of breastfeeding for both mother and child are considered numerous and well documented,” Girard and her colleagues wrote. “These findings do not contradict” those benefits, they added.