Trump: Litigator and chief?
If Republican becomes president, unprecedented number of lawsuits could become a distraction
On the anniversary of the start of his presidential campaign, Donald Trump spent much of the day in a setting he knows well — a room full of high- priced lawyers battling out a civil lawsuit.
Trump paused his campaigning June 16 to answer questions under oath in one of his lawsuits against two celebrity chefs. He had sued Geoffrey Zakarian and José Andrés after they backed out of a restaurant deal in response to Trump’s inflammatory statements about Mexican immigrants.
The two- hour deposition was at least the third time Trump had to leave the campaign trail to be deposed by attorneys in one of his organization’s many lawsuits.
Just two weeks before Election Day, at least 75 of the 4,000- plus lawsuits involving Trump and his businesses re-
main open, according to an ongoing, nationwide analysis of state and federal court records by USA TODAY. Trump is running well behind Democrat Hillary Clinton in most polls— about 5 percentage points behind in the popular vote in RealClearPolitics’ rolling average of national polls. But if Trump were to win, the number of unresolved cases is unprecedented for a presidential candidate, according to political scientists and historians.
Trump faces significant open litigation tied to his businesses: angry members at his Jupiter, Fla., golf course say they were cheated out of refunds on their dues and a former employee at the same club claims she was fired after reporting sexual harassment. There’s a fraud case brought by Trump University students who say the mogul’s company ripped them off for tens of thousands in tuition for a sham real estate course.
Trump also is defending lawsuits tied to his campaign. A disgruntled GOP political consultant sued for $ 4 million, saying Trump defamed her. Another suit, a class action, says the campaign violated consumer protection laws by sending unsolicited text messages.
If elected, the open lawsuits would tag along with Trump. He would not be entitled to immunity and could be required to give depositions or even testify in open court. That could chew up time and expose a litany of uncomfortable private and business dealings to the public.
One trial, over not paying tips to caterers at Trump SoHo Hotel in New York City, is set to start a week before Election Day.
Even in the waning days of the campaign, in a speech Saturday in Gettysburg, Pa., outlining his first actions if he wins the White House, Trump threatened to sue all of the women who’ve accused him of unwanted sexual advances, saying all of them are lying.
The open cases raise questions about potential conflicts of interest that could become difficult for Trump to navigate.
For instance, could his judicial appointments be influenced by his own court cases? This summer, he attacked a federal judge who is presiding over the lawsuit against Trump University, saying District Judge Gonzalo Curiel is biased against Trump because the judge is of Mexican descent and Trump proposes a “great wall” along the Mexican border.
Another potential issue: Would lawyers, parties in cases and even judges seek to curry favor with a powerful individual in a way that might alter the outcome?
IRS AUDIT THE ‘ MOTHER OF ALL CONFLICT’
Norm Eisen, who founded the non- partisan watchdog organization Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in 2003 and later was the top White House ethics lawyer for President Obama in 2009 and 2010, ticked off a series of potential conflicts.
The lawsuits against Trump University could raise questions about whom Trump would appoint as Education secretary, Eisen said. “Somebody with favor to for- profit colleges?”
Trump’s development of the Old Post Office Building in Washington is being overseen by the federal government, and lawsuits involving the development could involve government officials.
“Will he really put someone in charge that would testify against his business?” Eisen wonders.
“And the mother of all conflict could be the IRS audit,” he said. “What if they suggest civil penalties, or even criminal proceedings?”
Alan Garten, general counsel for Trump and his business interests, downplayed the significance of the cases.
Garten said only about 30 significant cases are open. The others are run- ofthemill cases involving one Trump holding or another, frivolous causes or suits destined to be dismissed. “The reality is we’re an operating company. We’ll treat all cases the same way if he’s elected or not — and the results shouldn’t be different in the eyes of the law.”
Clinton has her own share of litigation heading toward Election Day. Media groups are suing her trying to get more emails from her private server. They also have argued for the release of deposition videos.
The email lawsuit is among about 30 open civil cases Clinton faces. In nearly all cases, Clinton is named solely in her government capacity, often among a laundry list of other public officials. In a small fraction, as with the email server, some argue she should be held accountable as a private individual. Clinton’s campaign staff did not respond to questions.
MOUNTAIN OF LAWSUITS UNPRECEDENTED
USA TODAY Network reporters spent more than six months gathering court records in more than 4,000 lawsuits involving Trump and his companies. They traveled to courthouses, studied thousands of pages of records and contacted lawyers, litigants and witnesses across the country. For comparison, reporters also pieced together the record of Clinton’s court cases.
The analysis found an unprecedented mountain of legal battles for a presidential candidate, from skirmishes with pageant contestants to multimillion- dollar real estate lawsuits. The cases offer clues to the leadership style the billionaire would bring to the White House.
The review shows that Trump frequently responds to even small disputes with overwhelming legal force, not hesitating to use his tremendous wealth and legal firepower against adversaries with limited resources.
He repeatedly has refused to pay people and small businesses for their work, forcing them to spend time and legal fees if they want to recover their losses.
At least 60 lawsuits — plus hundreds of additional liens, judgments, and other government filings — document cases where people accused Trump and his businesses of failing to pay them what they were owed for their work. Among them: painters, glassmakers, real estate agents, bartenders and hourly workers
at Trump resorts coast to coast. Even his own lawyers.
The review also shows Trump and his companies have been accused for years of mistreating women. In at least 20 lawsuits, plaintiffs accused Trump and managers at his companies of discriminating against women, ignoring sexual harassment complaints and even participating in the harassment themselves. Women in those disputes testified they were fired for complaining.
Trump’s companies have been engaged in battles over taxes almost every year from the 1980s until as recently as last spring, when New York had to take legal action to collect $ 8,578 in unpaid taxes on the Trump- owned company that owns the trademark Boeing 757 that jetted the mogul to campaign rallies.
The review found that people who say something Trump doesn’t like will frequently get threatened with a lawsuit. “I’ll sue you” was a Trump mantra long before “Build a wall.” The analysis, however, showed he rarely follows through with threatened lawsuits over people’s words and almost always loses when he does. The lone win was a lawsuit against Miss Pennsylvania over her claim on Facebook that Trump’s Miss USA pageant was rigged.
If Trump is elected president, it won’t change the way his lawsuits are handled.
His companies face open cases of sexual discrimination and fraud, unpaid bills and contract disputes. In any of the open cases, litigants would have the right to demand testimony from Trump or people close to him.
Such legal action can unlock private financial and other records. Even if Trump broke no laws or committed no wrongdoing, that kind of inside information could be used by political opponents to try to embarrass him or weaken him politically.
Clinton could face similar challenges in litigation over her refusal to turn over emails from her time as secretary of State.
“It could pose a problem for both sides in the presidency,” said Julian Zelizer, a history professor at Princeton University. “They could produce damaging information, and given the partisan environment, any kind of scandal or investigation could be used to stifle a president.”
PRESIDENTS ARE NO STRANGERS TO SCANDAL
Those kinds of tactics have affected past presidencies.
President Ulysses Grant was among the early commanders in chief beset by scandal. He was forced to testify under oath at the White House in a high- profile federal prosecution of an illegal whiskey- running scheme that ensnared some of his closest political associates.
Grant’s testimony helped get his top aide off the hook and further soiled the public perception of his administration. Today, he is widely considered one of the least effective presidents in U. S. history.
In more modern times, President Richard Nixon’s administration was ensnared by repeated legal woes, scandals, botched cover- ups and his resignation.
Bill Clinton faced legal issues tied to Whitewater, Paula Jones and White House intern Monica Lewinsky.
Clinton was forced to give a deposition in one sex- scandal case involving Jones and later faced an impeachment trial over his relations with Lewinsky at the White House. In the latter, Clinton became the first sitting president to testify before a grand jury investigating his own conduct, which became a yearslong distraction.
Yet, no president had litigation in the volume of a potential President Trump.
“Because of the Supreme Court case related to Bill Clinton, there’s no automatic shield for the president from civil action,” said Samuel Issacharoff, a law professor at New York University.
Among the many Trump lawsuits, the most problematic could be the Trump University cases.
Former students from across the country have sued in two class actions, accusing the school of charging them up to $ 35,000 and lying about the value of the lessons. New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman sued in 2013 and has since described Trump University as a “fraud” and a “scam.”
While the open cases are civil, some legal scholars raise the prospect that a court could ultimately find Trump University or even Trump personally liable for fraud. In the worst case, a finding that fraud took place could provide Congress with the grounds to consider impeachment proceedings.
“These claims are different in an important way than most of his other cases,” said Christopher Peterson, a law professor at the University of Utah. Even though the burden of proof would be lower, Peterson said, “the evidence that you would use to prove those claims would be interchangeable. It’s the same kind of claims that you would get the Mob for in a concrete scam.”
At a minimum, additional testimony by instructors and students about predatory sales tactics would become public. He could be called to testify.
If that happens, Trump would become the first modern sitting president to do so in open court.
For years, Trump’s legal team has successfully kept secret much of the financial information disclosed in court cases.
The vast majority of settlement payments Trump hasmade to litigants is secret under non- disclosure agreements.
If Trump is elected president, the already immense pressure to release records could escalate even further.
Said Katie Townsend, litigation director for the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press: “Either way, these documents would be newsworthy, before or after the election.”
“They could produce damaging information, and given the partisan environment, any kind of scandal or investigation could be used to stifle a president.” Julian Zelizer, Princeton University