Rich portrait: Forceful and complicated
There’s a lot to unpack in biography of feminist poet Adrienne Rich
Long before I read her, I disliked Adrienne Rich. Itwas received opinion. When I was in high school, the people I respected (English teachers, good ones, and fellow bookstore employees, male and female) rolled their eyes at the mention of her name.
Shewas a radical lesbian separatist who didn’t want menat her readings and would not respond to their questions. Shewas, itwas thought, a humorless scold. Worse, Rich was perceived to have bent her sensitive talent on a political wheel.
When Susan Sontag cracked her on the snout in an exchange of views in The New York Review of Books in 1975, referring to her “anti-intellectualism,” itwas catnip for what would become my crowd.
It took me two decades to push past this and to read Rich onmy own. I located the diamantine intensities in somany of her poems, which are as vital and influential in their way as Sylvia Plath’s or Elizabeth Bishop’s. I began to appreciate, rather late, why herwork of the 1970s and 1980swas essential to second-wave feminists and somany others.
Eight years after Rich’s death, at 82, comes Hilary Holladay’s “The Power of Adrienne Rich,” which allows us to meet this prickly poet fresh and entire. It’s the first proper biography of her, and there’s a lot to unpack. This is a good story well told.
Rich was a child prodigy. She played Mozart on the piano and dictated stories by the age of 4. Her father, a pathologist at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, sensed his daughter’s genius. He tightly controlled her education and ruthlessly urged her towork harder and better. Mostly she enjoyed this urging; shewas an apt pupil. By the time Rich was in high school, others saw her intelligence and high seriousness and were a bit terrified of her.
While shewas still at Radcliffe College— she was, with Ursula K. Le Guin and Rona Jaffe, in the class of 1951— Rich’s first collection of poems, “A Change of World,” was selected by W.H. Auden and published in the Yale Younger Poets series. Rich would become known for the intensity of her public readings, and already she drew crowds.
One man who wasn’t impressed was John Simon, who would become famous as a sclerotic and blazingly chauvinistic, even by the dictates ofhis time, literary and film critic. Abouta reading Rich gave at Harvard in 1952, he commented: “To appreciate it fully, one would need the combined attributes of a Homer and a Beethoven, namely blindness and deafness.” It’s almost a running gag in this biography, watching Simon popup at various points to take aimat Rich with his pea shooter.
Rich was not born a rebel. She wore heels and stockings to her classes at Radcliffe, while other women wore more sensible shoes, and wanted to marry young and have children. She got engaged to a serious young Harvard man who wore a coat and tie every day.
When she broke offthe engagement, hewas shattered and began developing the mental illness that plagued him for life. The loss of Rich’s affection could apparently be devastating. When years later she announced shewas leaving
her husband, economist Alfred H. Conrad, and their three young sons, Conrad drove to Vermont and committed suicide near the family’s summer house.
Rich’s political awakening became a feminist one. She began to see her father as a tyrannical patriarch, for good and ill. She saw how Harvard shunted women off to the side at Radcliffe. She sensed she was a token female in the largely male poetry world. The oink of male chauvinism, she found, was impossible to evade.
Rich’s first real relationship with a woman was with her older, imposing analyst, Lilly Engler. (Engler had slept with Sontag, as would Rich.) Rich’s time with Engler informed the poems that would announce her coming out as a lesbian, collected in “The Dream of a Common Language” (1978). The eroticism in these poems was radical for the time.
Rich’s sexuality was forceful and complicated. She and Conrad, for a time, had an open marriage. Rich slept with Robert Lowell, among others. Later shewould have an affairwith poet June Jordan. Her friend Audre Lorde attempted to seduce her— Rich preferred to remain friends. Rich met the woman with whom shewould spend the final decades of her life, Jamaican-born writer Michelle Cliff, in 1976. At the time Cliff was a copy editor at Norton, Rich’s publisher, working on one of Rich’s books.
There is somuch in this book that can only be hinted at in a review of this length. How Louise Glück, the new Nobel laureate, was no admirer of Rich’s teaching practice sat Columbia University when Glück was a student there. (Rich’s remarks onher students’ poems were often limited to a comment like, “I don’t dig it .”) How Anthony Burgess
sublet Rich’s New York apartment, tore it up, then wrote a novel that satirized its feminist contents. The rave review from Margaret Atwood of Rich’s masterly collection “Diving Into the Wreck,” on the front page of The New York Times Book Review in 1973, which pushed Rich’s career into orbit.
Helen Vendler and Francine du Plessix Gray were among the writers who took issue with aspects of Rich’s essays and poetry. If Holladay’s solid biography has a weak spot, it’s that she makes it difficult for anyone to criticize Rich’s work, for any reason whatsoever, and not be thought complicit in the grinding machinery of misogyny.
A writer is both field and farmer. With Rich, each half is worth confronting.
‘The Power of Adrienne Rich: A Biography’
By Hilary Holladay; Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 478 pages, $32.50