China Daily Global Edition (USA)
NATION ADDRESSES LOW FERTILITY RATE
X Lack of child care services, cultural shifts cited for decline
English-language teacher Yang Mengqi, who is in her late 20s, does not want to have a child for at least three years.
Her students, who are in their first year at senior high school, are on track to sit in the all-important gaokao, or national college entrance examination, in 2023, and Yang sees her short-term priority as making sure they go to the universities of their choice.
“I became a teacher about four years ago. It’s a job that I hold close to my heart,” said Yang, who married in October. “In the daytime, I give lessons, and in the evenings, I prepare teaching materials. I don’t think I have much time and energy left to raise a child.”
Yang, who hails from Jiangsu province, has witnessed the anxiety and pressure faced by relatives and close friends in raising children.
“They look exhausted to me as they fret about which kindergarten they should enroll their children in and shuttle between extracurricular tutoring schools on weekends. The kids are also tired out,” she said.
On May 31, China announced that couples would be allowed to have three children, up from two previously.
The National Health Commission said in a statement released the day after the new policy was announced that on average, Chinese women born in the 1990s, such as Yang, will have 1.66 children, a fall of 10 percent from women born in the 1980s.
Among women of childbearing age, defined as 15 to 49, the ideal number of children per couple is 1.8, Ning Jizhe, head of the National Bureau of Statistics, said during a news conference in May.
Last year, the actual fertility rate, meaning the number of children born to each woman, stood at only 1.3, Ning said.
The number is low, as the global average is about 2.5 and the replacement rate for maintaining a stable population is 2.1. It also marked a decrease from an estimated rate in China of 1.6 from 1996 to 2016, according to a report released by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2019.
Officials and experts said heavy economic burdens, a lack of child care services, along with cultural shifts have driven the downturn in the fertility level.
Wang Guangzhou, a researcher at the academy’s Institute of Population and Labor Economics, said, “I think education costs — including school enrollment fees — pressure to buy houses in school districts, as well as changes in the value of child education, have played a significant role.”
This long-standing issue had previously been obscured by the one-child policy, Wang said, adding, “It was not until family planning policy was gradually relaxed that we began to realize the fertility behavior of people nowadays has changed profoundly and needs more attention.”
Plans abandoned
Wang Sicheng, 37, who lives in Gansu province, said during an interview with Xinhua News Agency his family decided to scrap plans to have a second child because of the cost of education.
“My only child, who is 5, is now enrolled in eight off-campus classes, including Go chess, Lego and swimming. These classes cost about 60,000 yuan ($9,286) each year,” he said.
Born in the countryside, Wang Sicheng never took such classes during childhood and briefly considered relieving his child of the burden. “However, everyone else is learning. If we do not follow suit, I am worried that my kid will fall behind,” he said.
He and his wife had long concluded that one child had already imposed significant financial pressure on them and that they did not want to have another.
On Jan 1, 2016, China began implementing the second-child policy, officially ending a decadeslong rule allowing couples to have only one child.
However, like Wang Sicheng, a considerable number of families open to the idea of having two children had eventually given up. Of these families, 75 percent cited financial concerns as a key factor in their decision, the National Health Commission said, quoting a survey in 2019.
An online poll of some 30,000 participants, carried out from May 12 to June 11, also highlighted the mounting economic pressure.
The poll, conducted by news outlet ifeng, shows that housing prices, child-raising costs, education and medical expenses are among the top factors affecting respondents’ decisions to have children.
Asked about measures that might increase their willingness to have children, financial support ranked the highest. Free kindergarten classes and preschool education, along with subsidies for child-raising, having a second child, and maternity services were also near the top of the list.
Yuan Xin, a professor of population studies at Nankai University in Tianjin, said: “According to an old saying in China, ‘one more baby just means one more pair of chopsticks’. That pair used to be made of bamboo, now it is made of gold, and in the future it might be made of diamonds.”
For many working mothers, finding sufficient time to take care of and connect with their children has become a problem.
Xu Rui, 29, a civil servant in Jiangsu, said that after discovering her 1-year-old daughter had minor heart defects, she decided to take her to Shanghai for treatment, even though this meant she had to miss work, sacrifice some of her leisure time and pay for costly medical treatment.
“At least my parents-in-law can help me raise her, so I can basically keep my life on track without overstressing,” Xu said.
However, she sees herself as being in a precarious situation.
“Last year, my parents-in-law had to leave for a short period to look after their parents. The pressure suddenly fell on me and my husband. If that happens again, one of us will have to take time off work to stay home and look after our child,” she said. “It’s like a butterfly effect, where a minor glitch could cause great disruption to our lives.”
With people seeking a work-life balance, nursery services are in high demand, but such facilities remain unevenly distributed nationwide.
He Dan, head of the China Population and Development Research Center, said a survey led by the center showed that 30 percent of families with a child age 3 or younger are in need of child care services, but official data show that only 5 percent of such children are sent to nursery care facilities.
“Less than one-in-five nursery institutions are public or affordable for many people. Most of them are in the private sector and relatively expensive. It is estimated that less than one-third of families in need can afford them,” she said.
Lack of choices
Wei Jing, 39, wants a nanny to take and collect her 6-year-old daughter from primary school, starting in autumn.
“I am fortunate in not being tied by financial constraints when it comes to choosing child care services and educational institutions,” she said. “But as I look for a caregiver, it does not feel as though there are many satisfactory choices out there.”
Wei said her friends in Sweden are used to sending children as young as 8 months to nurseries before swiftly returning to work. Most of her peers in her hometown in Hebei province rely on seniors to take care of young children. Neither is a feasible option for her. “How can I dare have a second child when there is no guarantee that I have sufficient resources and support to look after it,” Wei said.
She added that she is now striving to strike a balance between “becoming better myself” and “becoming a better mom.”
“My daughter is an indispensable and vital part of my life, but I am also an independent being capable of working, having a meaningful career and providing for my family,” she said.
Wei’s desire for a rewarding life resonates with a rising number of women.
Xu Peiru, 25, recently received a job offer as a public relations coordinator at a technology company in Beijing.
“It might sound silly to say that I do not want to have children, as I am still single,” she said. “I am excited to leave university and enter the next stage of my life. There is much to learn in the workplace, such as managing accounts and making pitches to potential clients. I do not want to be distracted by marriage or pregnancy at this stage — and probably for the next 10 years.”
Zhang Chewei, head of the Institute of Population and Labor Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said in an interview with Caixin magazine that there is an unwritten rule that with the development of an economy and education, the labor participation rate among women will rise and the fertility level will drop.
“We used to think ‘the more children, the merrier’ was a concept deeply rooted in traditional Chinese culture — and that nothing would alter it,” he said. “But with rapid economic growth, the idea has changed at a scale and speed exceeding our expectations.”
According to the seventh and latest national population census results released in May, China’s population grew at an annual rate of 0.53 percent from 2010 to last year, down by 0.04 of a percentage point from the previous decade.
In announcing that couples would be allowed to have three children, the authorities also stressed that the policy shift would be accompanied by supportive measures.
He, the research center head, said that based on experience in developed countries, measures targeting low fertility include issuing subsidies, promoting paid maternity or child care leave and improving public nursery services.
She has suggested upgrading China’s maternity insurance system, along with securing payment for employees during maternity, parental or child care leave.
It is also important to expand public nursery care services and strengthen favorable taxation and housing policies for families with children, while promoting educational equality, He added.
“Encouraging grandparents and males to take part in childraising should also be promoted,” she said.
“Only policies aimed at helping women to balance career development and family can achieve the desired outcome, while those aimed at persuading them to stay home will not work,” she added.