Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to pair for gene-editing tool
STOCKHOLM — The Nobel Prize in chemistry went to two researchers Wednesday for a gene-editing tool that has revolutionized science by providing a way to alter DNA, the code of life — technology already being used to try to cure diseases and raise better crops and livestock.
Emmanuelle Charpentier of France and Jennifer Doudnaof theUnitedStates won for developing CRISPR-cas9, a technique for cutting a gene at a specific spot, allowing scientists to operate on flaws that are the root cause of many diseases.
“There is enormous power in this genetic tool,” said Claes Gustafsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.
More than 100 clinical trials are underway to study using CRISPR to treat inherited diseases, and “many are very promising,” said Victor Dzau, president of the National Academy of Medicine.
The work has also opened the door to some thorny ethical issues: When editing is done after birth, the alterations are confined to that person. Scientists fear misuse of CRISPR to make “designer babies” by altering eggs, embryos or sperm — changes that can pass to future generations.
Much of the world became aware of CRISPR in 2018, when Chinese scientist He Jiankui revealed he had helped make the world’s first gene-edited babies, to try to engineer resistance to infection with the AIDS virus. His work was denounced as unsafe human experimentation, and he has been sentenced to prison in China.
InSeptember, aninternational panel of experts issued a report saying it is too
soon to try such experiments because the science isn’t advanced enough to ensure safety.
“Being able to selectively edit genes means that you are playing God in a way,” said American Chemistry Society President Luis Echegoyen, a chemistry professor at the University ofTexas at El Paso.
However, scientists universally praised the great potential that gene editing has for patients now.
“There’s no aspect of biomedical research that hasn’t been touched by CRISPR,” which has been used to engineer better crops and to try to cure human diseases including sickle cell, HIV infection and inherited forms of blindness, said Dr. Kiran Musunuru, a genetics expert at the University of Pennsylvania who is researching it for heart disease.
Dr. Francis Collins, who led the drive to map the human genome, said the technology “has changed everything” about how to approach diseases with a genetic cause.
“You can draw a direct line from the success of the human genome project to the power ofCRISPR-cas to make changes in the instruction book,” said Collins, director of the U.S. National Institutes of
Health, which helped fund Doudna’swork.
It’s the fourth time in the 119-year history of the prizes that a Nobel in the sciences was given exclusively towomen.
Charpentier, the 51-yearold leader of the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens in Berlin, said that while she considers herself a scientist first, “it’s reflective of the fact that science becomes more modern and involves more female leaders.”
“I do hope that it will remain and even develop more in this direction,” she said, adding that it is “more cumbersometo be awoman in science than to be a man in science.”
The breakthrough research by Charpentier and Doudna was published in 2012, making the discovery very recent compared with a lot of otherNobel-winning research, which is often honored only after decades have passed.
“My greatest hope is that it’s used for good, to uncovernewmysteries in biology and to benefit humankind,” said Doudna, who is affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley, and is paid by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which also supports The Associated Press’ Health and Science Department.