Poor nations look for new ways to make ends meet
Technology jobs grab more attention as industrialization sector dwindles
LONDON >> For more than half a century, the handbook for how developing countries can grow rich hasn't changed much: Move subsistence farmers into manufacturing jobs and then sell what they produce to the rest of the world.
The recipe — customized in varying ways by Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and China — has produced the most potent engine the world has known for generating economic growth. It has helped lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty, create jobs and raise standards of living.
The Asian Tigers and China succeeded by combining vast pools of cheap labor with access to international know-how and financing, and buyers that reached from Kalamazoo to Kuala Lumpur. Gov ernments provided the scaffolding: They builtroads and schools, offered business-friendly rules and incentives, developed capable administrative institutions and nurtured incipient industries.
But technology is advancing, supply chains are shifting and political tensions are reshaping trade patterns. And with that, doubts are growing about whether industrialization can still deliver the miracle growth it once did. For developing countries, which contain 85% of the globe's population — 6.8 billion people — the implications are profound.
Today, manufacturing accounts for a smaller share of the world's output and China already does more than one-third of it. At the same time, more emerging countries are selling inexpensive goods abroad, increasing competition. There are not as many gains to be squeezed out: Not everyone can be a net exporter or offer the world's lowest wages and overhead.
There are doubts that industrialization can create the game-changing benefits it did in the past. Factories today tend to rely more on automated technology and less on cheap workers who have little training.
“You cannot generate enough jobs for the vast majority of workers who are not very educated,” said Dani Rodrik, a leading development economist at Harvard University.
The process can be seen in Bangladesh, which the World Bank's managing director called “one of the world's greatest development stories” last year. The country built its success on turning farmers into textile workers.
Last year, though, Rubana Huq, chair of Mohammadi Group, a family-owned conglomerate, replaced 3,000 employees with automated Jacquard machines to do complex weaving patterns.
The women found similar jobs elsewhere in the company.
“But what follows when this happens on a large scale?” asked Huq, who is also president of the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association.
These workers don't have training, she said. “They're not going to turn into coders overnight.”
Recent global developments have accelerated the transition.
Supply chain meltdowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic and to sanctions prompted by Russia's invasion of Ukraine drove up the price of essentials such as food and fuel, biting into incomes. High interest rates, imposed by central banks to quell inflation, set off another series of crises: Developing nations' debts ballooned, and investment capital dried up.
The International Monetary Fund recently warned of the noxious combination of lower growth and higher debt.
The supercharged globalization that had encouraged companies to buy and sell in every spot around the planet has also been shifting. Rising political tensions, especially between China and the United States, are affecting where businesses and governments invest and trade.
Companies want supply chains to be secure as well as cheap, and they are looking at neighbors or political allies to provide them.
In this new era, Rodrik said, “the industrialization model — which practically every country that has become rich has relied on — is no longer capable of generating rapid and sustained economic growth.”
Nor is it clear what might replace it.
There's a future in service jobs.
One alternative might be found in Bengaluru, a hightech center in the Indian state of Karnataka.
Multinationals like Goldman Sachs, Victoria's Secret and the Economist magazine have flocked to the city and set up hundreds of operational hubs — known as global capability centers — to handle accounting, design products, develop cybersecurity systems and artificial intelligence, and more.
Such centers are expected to generate 500,000 jobs nationwide in the next two to three years, according to the consulting firm Deloitte.
They are joining hundreds of biotech, engineering and information technology companies including homegrown giants like Tata Consultancy Services, Wipro and Infosys Limited. Four months ago, the American chip company AMD unveiled its largest global design center there.
“We have to move away from the idea of classic development stages, that you go from the farm to the factory and then from the factory to offices,” said Richard Baldwin, an economist at the IMD. “That whole development model is wrong.”
Two-thirds of the world's output now comes from the service sector — a mishmash that includes dog walkers, manicurists, food preparers, cleaners and drivers, as well as highly trained chip designers, graphic artists, nurses, engineers and accountants.
It is possible to leapfrog to the service sector and grow by selling to businesses around the world, Baldwin argued. That is what helped India become the world's fifthlargest economy.
It won't work without education.
The overriding question is whether anything — services or manufacturing — can generate the type of growth that is desperately needed: broad based, large scale and sustainable.
Service jobs for businesses are multiplying, but many offering middle and high incomes are in areas like finance and tech, which tend to require advanced skills and education levels far above what most people in developing nations have.
In India, nearly half of college graduates don't have the skills they need for these jobs, according to Wheebox, an educational testing service.
The mismatch is everywhere. The Future of Jobs report, published last year by the World Economic Forum, found that 6 in 10 workers will need retraining in the next three years, but the overwhelming majority won't have access to it.