Canine Dysfunction Syndrome
With the improvement of medical care over the decades, we are all living longer, healthier lives. The advances in human medicine are also reflected in veterinary care and our pets are often able to surpass previous expected lifespans. We have come to expect however that at some point our geriatric pets may be diagnosed with ailments such as cardiac disease, kidney failure or arthritis for example. Many clients are surprised however to find that geriatric dogs may, and often do develop senility, also referred to as canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCDS)
Similar to early stage dementia in people, senility in dogs can develop very gradually where the dog may function well in routine and familiar situations but be confused in new situations. As the senility progresses, behavior changes evolve where the dog can start to wander around the house, be disoriented and have increased vocalization. Dogs will occasionally get stuck in a corner, develop separation anxiety or start to have problems with housetraining where they never did before. Sleep patterns can be disrupted where the pet is restless and pacing at night. Often our geriatric pets have some degree of hearing and vision loss which can also contribute to their disorientation and confusion. Aggressive behavior can develop often secondary to increased anxiety.
Cats can show signs of cognitive dysfunction as well, although the signs may not be as obvious as dogs. Cats most commonly will demonstrate increased nighttime vocalization and inappropriate elimination.
When these types of changes are observed in an older patient, the first step should be a thorough exam at the veterinarian to rule out any underlying medical condition. If nothing is revealed in standard geriatric laboratory testing and other diagnostic tests, a diagnosis of CCDS is often made.
The causes of canine cognitive dysfunction are attributed to similar changes in the brain as described in people with dementia. The brain atrophies, or decreases in size, decreasing the number of brain cells. There is an increase in beta-amyloid plaques which is a protein that accumulates in the brain and damages neurons. There can be microbleeds which can reduce blood flow and thus available oxygen to the brain and lastly changes in neurotransmitter levels.
Once CCDS is diagnosed there are ways that we can help our geriatic pet. Supplements, dietary changes, medication and management of their behavior and environment can all contribute to improving their quality of life. Supplements such as Sam-E, melatonin, omega fatty acids, Vitamin E are often employed and some diets, such as Canine b/d ( Hill’s brain diet) are available that hope to improve cognitive function and reduce oxidative stress on the brain. The drug primarily used to treat CCDS is Anipryl (selegiline) and is FDA approved to treat canine cognitive dysfunction. It is thought to improve brain chemistry by reducing the breakdown of neurotransmitters. Managing your pets environment is also important, along with physical and mental stimulation. Working with your veterinarian to come up with a comprehensive plan will be both beneficial to you and your pet.
Aging changes in our beloved pets is not easy for them or for their owners. It can often be a frustrating and disheartening time. But there is much we can do to ease the distress so that we can continue to have that loving relationship as long as we possibly can.