America’s very peculiar perception of the economy

I’ve been on a few trips recently and took the opportunity to do a bit of naked-eye economic assessment. As I’m sure many people can confirm, planes are flying full, and shops and restaurants are jammed. It definitely looks like a booming economy out there.

That’s also what the numbers say. In his State of the Union address, President Joe Biden — while acknowledging that inflation has eroded wage gains — pointed to the 6.5 million jobs added last year, “more jobs created in one year than ever before in the history of America.” This claim was entirely correct.

Yet the public doesn’t believe it. According to a new survey by Navigator Research, only 19% of Americans believe that the

U.S. economy is experiencing more job growth than usual, while 35% say that it is experiencing more job losses than usual.

You might be tempted to say that ordinary Americans don’t pay attention to official statistics, that what matters is their lived experience. But what people are actually experiencing in their daily lives is a very strong job market. For example, according to the latest survey from The Conference Board, 53.8% of consumers said that jobs were “plentiful,” a nearrecord, while only 11.8% said that jobs were hard to get.

And anyone who walks around U.S. cities can see the proliferation of help wanted signs.

The survey results on the job market are, as I see it, the final nail in the coffin of attempts to deny that there’s something very peculiar going on with how Americans perceive the economy, that there’s a huge disconnect between economic reality, which is mixed — inflation is a big concern, but job growth has been terrific — and public perceptions, which are weirdly dismal.

It’s not just the dissonance between what people say about their own employment prospects and what they say about job creation. The same dissonance is clear, albeit in a more muted form, when we contrast what people say about their personal finances and what they say about the state of the economy.

According to the long-running Michigan Surveys of Consumers, a plurality of Americans say that their personal financial situation is better than it was a year ago. This is consistent with estimates suggesting that despite inflation most people saw rising real income in 2021.

You can quibble with the estimates, but it’s clear that no major group is substantially worse off. And it’s worth remembering, for historical context, that blue-collar real wages declined steadily for most of the Reagan era, which didn’t stop voters from seeing that era as one of economic triumph thanks to strong job growth.

Yet if you ask people “How’s the economy doing?” as opposed to “How are you doing?” you get a very different answer: Economic sentiment has plunged.

You could argue that people hate inflation even when their incomes are keeping up, because it conveys a sense that things are out of control. And there’s surely something to that, although consumer sentiment is even worse than you’d expect given recent inflation.

But here’s another peculiar result from surveys: Long-run inflation expectations have stayed remarkably stable, suggesting that people don’t see things as being out of control. And again, inflation aversion can’t explain why people say that we’re losing jobs amid a huge employment boom.

So there’s something odd happening here, even if what it is ain’t exactly clear.

My experience is that many people in the news media go ballistic when you talk about the disconnect between economic perceptions and actual performance, either because they imagine that it shows contempt for ordinary Americans or because they take it as an assertion that they aren’t doing their jobs. In fact, I’m not at all sure what explains that disconnect. But it takes extraordinary intellectual contortions to deny that the disconnect exists.

And look, there’s plenty of evidence that public perceptions of society can diverge from reality.

Even the Michigan Surveys have noted that economic perceptions are now hugely affected by partisanship. This is true for both parties, although the effect is stronger for Republicans, who feel worse about the economy than they did in June 1980, when unemployment was above 7% and inflation was 14%.

So what voters believe does not always reflect reality. When Biden administration officials argue that they’ve done a better job on the economy than they get credit for, they have truth on their side.

And while I do not come here to bash the news media, I do feel that we’re missing a big part of the story if we take negative public views of the economy at face value without pointing out that they’re at odds not just with official statistics but also with self-reported experience. And we should try to understand where that disconnect is coming from.