Las Vegas Review-Journal (Sunday)
Abortion pills stand to become the next battleground in a post-Roe America
If the Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, the legal and culture wars over abortion that have consumed the United States for decades would increasingly shift to a new front: the use of abortion pills. ¶ Medication abortion — a two-drug combination that can be taken at home or in any location and is authorized for use in the first 10 weeks of pregnancy — has become more and more prevalent and now accounts for more than half of recent abortions in the United States. If the federal guarantee of abortion rights disappears, medication abortion would likely become an even more sought-after method for terminating a pregnancy — and the focus of battles between states that ban abortion and those that continue to allow it.
“Given that most abortions are safeguards to stop mail-order early and medication abortion is abortion drugs, and the Tennessee harder to trace and already kind Legislature recently of becoming the majority or preferred sent such protections to Gov. method, it’s going to be a Bill Lee,” said Mallory Carroll, big deal,” said Mary Ziegler, a legal an official with Susan B. Anthony scholar who has written widely on List, an anti-abortion group. abortion. “It’s going to generate a “In addition to creating health lot of forthcoming legal conflicts and safety standards, states are because it’s just going to be a way also increasing requirements for that state borders are going to reporting complications from become less relevant.” abortion drugs. We will be working
About half the states are with allies in additional states expected to quickly make all to tackle this growing public methods of abortion illegal if the health threat.” justices’ decision in a Mississippi Residents of states that would case resembles a draft opinion quickly ban all abortion methods leaked this week that would nullify if Roe were overturned — including the 1973 ruling that legalized Texas, Missouri, Utah and abortion. Other states would Tennessee — would be legally likely continue to allow abortion, prohibited from having telemedicine and several are already taking abortion consultations from steps to accommodate patients any location in their state, even if from the states where abortion the doctor were located in a state may be outlawed. with legal abortion. Such patients
Medication abortion is less would have to travel to a state expensive and less invasive than where an online, video or phone surgical abortions. In December, consultation is legal — the IP the Food and Drug Administration address of the computer or phone made access to it significantly they were using would identify easier by lifting the requirement their location. Then, they would that patients obtain the first of the have to receive the pills by mail two pills, mifepristone, by visiting at an address in a state with legal an authorized clinic or doctor in abortion, even if it were a post person. Now, patients can have a office box or a hotel. consultation with a physician via Some patients are already video or phone or by filling out doing this because they live in online forms, and then receive the one of the states that ban the pills by mail. use of telemedicine for abortion.
But many conservative states Some aspects of those laws have already begun passing laws are unclear, including whether to restrict medication abortion, patients who take the pills after including banning it earlier than returning to their home state are 10 weeks’ gestation and requiring violating their state’s law. patients to visit providers in If abortion were completely person despite FDA rules. Nineteen outlawed in those states, many states ban the use of telemedicine more patients would travel to for abortion. This year, states where it was legal, reproductive Americans United for Life, an health experts said. anti-abortion advocacy group, Several organizations, including listed laws against medication Abortion on Demand and Hey abortion as first among the organization’s Jane, now arrange telemedicine “pressing priorities” or online consultations and mail for 2022. pills from one of two mail-order
“In the last year, Arizona, pharmacies that are currently Arkansas, Indiana, Montana, authorized by the two mifepristone Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota manufacturers to dispense and Texas have enacted state-level that medication.
But opponents of abortion and states that outlaw abortion are likely to try to challenge or curtail the ability of patients to cross state lines to get the pills, legal experts said. There may be attempts by states that ban abortion to prosecute doctors and other health providers in states where abortion is legal, for example, or to try to block organizations or funds that provide financial help for patients to travel to other states, Ziegler said.
States that support abortion rights are mobilizing to block such efforts. Legislation in California would provide financial assistance to patients traveling from other states to obtain abortions and increase the number of abortion providers. Connecticut just passed a bill that would prevent abortion providers from being extradited to other states, bar Connecticut authorities from cooperating with abortion investigations from a patient’s home state and allow Connecticut residents who are sued under another state’s abortion provision to countersue.
Medication abortion became legal in the United States in 2000, when mifepristone was approved by the FDA. The agency imposed tight restrictions on the drug, many of which remain in place. But access to the method increased in 2016, when the FDA expanded the time frame within which the drug could be taken — from seven weeks to 10 weeks into a pregnancy.
As conservative states began passing more laws restricting access to surgical abortions, more patients opted for pills, especially because they can be taken in the privacy of one’s home.
The COVID-19 pandemic fueled that trend. The Guttmacher Institute, a research organization that supports abortion rights, reported that in 2020, medication abortion accounted for 54% of all abortions.
Early in the pandemic, medical groups filed a lawsuit asking the FDA to lift its requirement that mifepristone, which blocks a hormone crucial to the continuation of a pregnancy, be dispensed to patients in person at a clinic or doctor’s office. Citing years of data showing that medication abortion is safe, the medical groups said that patients faced a greater risk of being infected with the coronavirus if they had to visit clinics to obtain mifepristone.
For portions of the pandemic, the FDA temporarily lifted the in-person requirement, then permanently removed it in December. In addition, the agency said pharmacies could begin dispensing mifepristone if they met certain qualifications. The agency is in the process of hammering out those qualifications with the two manufacturers of the drug, and reproductive health organizations said that some national retail pharmacy chains have expressed interest in being able to dispense the medication in some states, at least by mail.
The second medication, misoprostol, which causes contractions similar to those of a miscarriage and is taken up to 48 hours later, has long been available for a variety of uses with a typical prescription.
A senior Biden administration official said last week that officials were looking for further steps the administration could take to increase access to all types of abortion, including the pill method. The official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss the leaked Supreme Court decision, said President Joe Biden directed his team “at every aspect in every creative way, every aspect of federal law, to try to do all that’s possible” to protect abortion rights.
As part of that effort, Biden’s secretary of health and human services, Xavier Becerra, said in testimony before the Senate on Wednesday that he had established a reproductive health care task force.
But there are tight limits on what the administration can do without action from Congress. The long-standing Hyde Amendment, which prevents taxpayer dollars from being used to terminate pregnancy, bans the use of federal funds to pay for abortion, including through the Medicaid program, except in cases of rape, incest or life endangerment.
Some experts have suggested that the government could direct resources to groups that provide support, including housing and transportation, to patients who cross state lines seeking an abortion. But it is possible that could violate the Hyde Amendment.
Legal and reproductive rights policy experts said that beyond using his bully pulpit, Biden’s options were limited. They said the administration could turn to the courts and make a legal argument that doctors in the United States have a right to prescribe abortion medication from any state.
“Because the FDA has approved abortion pills as safe and effective and set forth a regimen by which they have to be dispensed, states are not allowed to do anything different, because federal law preempts or is supreme over state law,” said David Cohen, an expert in gender and constitutional law at Drexel University’s law school.
But Lawrence Gostin, an expert in health law at Georgetown University, said there would also be a strong counterargument: that regulation of the medical profession is the province of states, which can therefore regulate what pharmacies prescribe.
Reproductive health experts also predict that more patients will be ordering abortion pills from overseas, through websites like Aid Access — an international organization run by a physician that mails pills — a practice the FDA has tried to stop.
Ziegler and others said it is hard for states or the federal government to stop or interdict the mailing of abortion pills because of the practical difficulties of tracking and identifying every such package.
So far, most states that restrict abortion have long adhered to a principle of targeting providers and others who help patients, but not the patients themselves. Ziegler said it was possible that could also change in a post-Roe landscape because, in circumstances where the abortion takes place outside state boundaries, “there may be absolutely no one else in that state to go after but the patient.”
In the Louisiana Legislature last week, a committee advanced a bill that would allow a patient who aborted a pregnancy, as well as anyone who assisted the patient, to be charged with murder. Opponents of the bill said it was unconstitutional and could have far-reaching consequences, possibly even for practices like in vitro fertilization.
Some abortion rights advocates said the availability of safe and effective abortion pills had eliminated one of the greatest fears in the years before Roe — but had added a new one.
“One of the sharpest distinctions is really between the idea of hemorrhaging and the idea of handcuffs,” said Kristin Ford, a spokeswoman for NARAL ProChoice America. “In the pre-Roe world, there was a legitimate concern about people bleeding out in back alleys. That’s not the reality we face. What we’re looking at now is a world of criminalization.”
The Guttmacher Institute, a research organization that supports abortion rights, reported that in 2020, medication abortion accounted for 54% of all abortions.