Some older workers struggle with age discrimination
The federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act turns 50 this year — about the age when many American workers begin to encounter the kinds of biases the law was intended to prevent.
At this “milestone of middle age,” quipped Victoria Lipnic, acting chair of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the law is grappling with new forms of age discrimination in the internet era.
Research by the EEOC, which received 20,857 claims of age discrimination last year, found that 65 percent of older workers say age is a barrier to getting a job.
The issue has taken on even greater importance as American workers delay retirement and stay in the workplace longer, pushing up the median age in the U.S. labor force.
Here’s a look at some of the trends in age discrimination:
‘Digital natives’ vs. ‘digital immigrants’
In job ads, some employers have begun listing “digital native” as a requirement for the position. The term, many say, is a “code word” for young workers who have grown up with technology and will be able to use new systems with ease.
This term plays into stereotypes that “digital immigrants” — usually older workers who came of age before the internet — will be slow to adapt to technology, reluctant to learn and costly to train.
Older workers are sometimes labeled as “technophobic,” said Sara Czaja, director of the Center for Research and Education on Aging and Technology Enhancement.
But contrary to stereotypes, research does not show a correlation between age and work performance. If tasks are based on speed and accuracy, Czaja conceded that age may play a factor in an employee’s productivity.
A 2010 study of adults ages 65 to 85 found that the majority of participants had a positive attitude toward using technology.
Of course, it is difficult to tell if companies are using the term “digital native” as a subtle form of discrimination or if they simply require an applicant proficient in certain technology skills.
Jacquelyn James, co-director of the Center on Aging and Work at Boston College, said most of the time people aren’t conscious of their biases or stereotypes.
“The acknowledgment that they are implicit, that we don’t see them, we don’t recognize them is the most important hedge against their negative effects,” she said.
For something like a job description, James suggested putting together a team of people of different ages to ensure phrases such as “digital native” aren’t giving off the wrong idea.
Women experience age discrimination before men
Although people of both genders struggle with age discrimination, research has shown women begin to experience age discrimination in hiring practices before they reach 50, whereas men don’t experience it until several years later.
In a 2015 study examining the effect of a date of birth listed on a resume, researchers found all applicants over age 64 were less likely than younger applicants to receive a request for an interview or an inquiry. However, middle-aged women, ages 49 to 51, had a significantly lower callback rate than younger women, ages 29 to 31, while middle-aged men did not follow the same pattern.
The study also found discrimination toward older men was prominent in only select fields, but older women felt discrimination across the board.
And legal protections against age discrimination tend to skew more toward men. “Evidence suggests laws help older men more than older women,” said Patrick Button, one of the authors of the study and an assistant professor at Tulane University.
As women age, they also see more disparity in wages, with women ages 20 to 24 receiving 90 percent of men’s earnings while women over 65 make 74 percent of men’s wages, according to a 2017 study from the American Association of University Women using Census Bureau data.
Filling job openings with older workers
At the peak of job loss caused by the Great Recession, U.S. employment had fallen by 8.8 million jobs, according to an overview from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Many older workers who were laid off simply dropped out of the job market permanently.
But with an unemployment rate now down to 4.3 percent, the lowest level since 2001 and what many economists consider as full employment, companies are likely to try to lure back older, skilled workers to fill openings.
“We’re at a time in our economy right now, nearing the end of an expansion, where unemployment is very low ... so it’s a time where change can occur. Companies dip into pools of workers that normally they ignore from discrimination,” said John Challenger, chief executive of Challenger, Gray & Christmas Inc., an outplacement company. “The core fuel for our economy is not energy, it’s particularly skilled workers.”