Minimum wage increases in 6 cities working as intended, study finds
The minimum wage increases that started four years ago in SeaTac are spreading across the country, but economists continue to study — and disagree about — the impact of the new policies on pay and jobs.
The latest look at increased wage floors in six U.S. cities, including Seattle, finds that foodservice workers saw increases in pay and no widespread job losses. That reinforces the conclusions that the same group of University of California, Berkeley, researchers reached in 2017 after studying the impact just in Seattle.
This time, the Berkeley researchers examined Seattle, San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, Chicago and Washington, D.C., where minimum wages at the end of 2016 — the end of the study period — ranged from $10 to $13.
“We find that they are working just as the policymakers and voters who enacted these policies intended,” said Sylvia Allegretto, co-author of the report and co-chair of Berkeley’s Center on Wage and Employment Dynamics. “So far they are raising the earnings of low-wage workers without causing significant employment losses.”
Wage floors have continued climbing and are higher and more widespread now, with 10 major cities, seven states, and dozens of other local governments passing laws to boost minimum wages to between $12 and $15 an hour in the coming years, eventually covering more than a fifth of the U.S. workforce.
On average across the six cities studied, “a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage increases earnings in the food services industry between 1.3 and 2.5 percent,” the researchers found.
The Berkeley team said in a news release that their study “casts further doubt” on the 2017 findings of University of Washington researchers that Seattle’s minimum wage increase led to fewer hours and jobs for low-wage workers.
Jacob Vigdor, the Daniel J. Evans professor of public policy and governance who leads research on the Seattle minimum wage at the UW, has his own criticisms of Berkeley’s approach.
Vigdor agrees with the Berkeley study’s findings; his own group duplicated them using its own methodology and data. But he said the focus on just one slice of the economy — the food-service industry — may miss the bigger picture as minimum wages rise.
“I think it’s the right answer to the wrong question,” he said, noting that the food-service industry represents only about 30 percent of the lowwage work done in Seattle. “It’s assuming the restaurant industry equals the low-wage labor market, and it does not.”
Looking at Seattle’s lowwage labor market as a whole, defined as workers paid up to $19 an hour, Vigdor’s group found an overall 3 percent increase in wages associated with the minimum wage increase that took effect in 2016, but a roughly 9 percent decrease in total hours worked — resulting in an aggregate decrease in paychecks.
The Berkeley research also understates winners and losers within the food-service industry as restaurants adjust their business models to rising wages, he said, citing changes such as asking customers to fetch their own food from the counter rather than delivering it to a table. Part of the UW team’s research — under a contract with the city of Seattle — involves repeated interviews with Seattle workers and business owners about their reactions to the rising minimum wage.
“The experienced worker with a really great track record, working for at least a couple of years, they can write their own ticket in this economy,” Vigdor said, pointing to a relative shortage of low-wage workers who have been driven out of the city by rising housing prices and the cost of living in general.
Those just entering the job market, meanwhile, are finding employers less willing to take a chance on them at a higher mandated starting wage, he said.
Vigdor’s research has been criticized for inadequately separating the impact of the minimum wage increase from the broader economic boom. While he defends the methodology for doing so, he also said that other dynamics in Seattle’s local economy would have driven up wages here anyway, and that Berkeley’s analysis suffers from the same flaws.
"If there’s any place in the nation where you could drop a $15 minimum wage and have the negative repercussions be minimal, it’s Seattle,” Vigdor said, adding, “The wages would’ve gone up anyway. If you look elsewhere in the Puget Sound region, you see wages trending up almost as fast.”
Allegretto points to comparisons her team made between the six cities and other metropolitan areas where there was no minimum wage increase, including Dallas, Denver and Philadelphia “that have also seen rapid private sector growth in the past several years.” This and other aspects of the study design “gave us confidence that our findings are indeed due to these cities’ minimum wage increases,” she said.
Seattle’s minimum wage, effective Jan. 1, is $15.45 for companies with 501 or more employees, or $15 an hour if the company also offers paid medical benefits. For smaller employers, the wage floor is $14 an hour, which can also include medical benefits and tips. The city’s Office of Labor Standards is due to announce large employer minimum wage increases for 2019, tied to the local consumer price index, by the end of this month.