Back on the right side of the border
In Bangladesh and India, a land boundary deal allows those left stateless in 1947 to rejoin their countries.
HALDIBARI, India — At age 65, Tahalu Raiburman is preparing to vote for the first time. “I feel I am worth something,” the stooped, bare- chested man said with a grin, deepening his wrinkles.
Until last year, Raiburman was in an unusual position: He lived in one of 51 enclaves that belonged to India but were just inside the border of neighboring Bangladesh. Raiburman was technically an Indian citizen, but India did not exercise authority over the enclave and Bangladesh provided the people there with no services.
The same was true on the other side of the border, where 111 Bangladeshi enclaves sat inside Indian territory. The small patches of no man’s land, totaling about 45 square miles, were part of one of the world’s most complex boundary disputes, dating to the 1947 par- tition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan. The mainly Muslim territory of East Pakistan later gained independence and became Bangladesh.
The hastily drawn borders cut across the territories of former princely states, which were left with land in both countries. The rulers had to join one country or the other, in effect abandoning some of their territory and leaving residents there stateless for decades.
That changed when the Indian and Bangladeshi governments signed a longawaited Land Boundary Agreement in March 2015, each agreeing to hand control over the enclaves inside its borders to the other and giving residents the opportunity to decide which country they wanted to live in.
Raiburman was one of about 1,000 who opted to move inside India’s formal borders. He now lives in a temporary settlement in Haldibari, about 12 miles from his former home. On Thursday, as one of his f irst acts of citizenship as a fullfledged Indian, he will cast his ballot in elections in West Bengal state.
“The Indian authorities conducted a training session by putting up a mock polling booth,” Raiburman said. “I have never been inside one until now.”
The transfer of land under the agreement is not expected to be completed until July 2017 — when residents are due to move into permanent homes — but as early as last summer, people began moving across borders and into temporary settlements such as Haldibari.
Dotted with one- room, tin- roofed houses freshly painted in blue and white, Haldibari consists of 96 families trying to stitch together a new beginning. Land is being dug for a pond where the people could raise fish. Children have been enrolled in nearby schools and adults are looking for jobs.
Asik Rai, 21, said he and other residents are mostly working as daily wage laborers on farms and tea plantations. The families get about 60 pounds of food, including rice and lentils, a month from the government.
“It is not easy adapting to a whole new environment,” Rai said. “We know the treaty has just been signed and it is an ongoing process, but we hope to get permanent jobs eventually.”
Rai acknowledged that he missed his old home.
“I am obviously attached to the place, I was born there,” he said with a wistful smile. “We had to sell off our livestock and our farmland before coming here. My friends called me to check if I reached [ my new home] safely. I miss them.”
But he said it had not been easy being an unprotected minority in Bangladesh. Hindus who lived in the enclaves, Rai said, suffered discrimination, land grabs and occasional assaults by majority Muslims.
“We often faced persecution,” Rai said. “Since we were not protected by the judiciary or police, we had nowhere to go to seek justice.”
Raiburman said that because of such treatment, he supported India whenever the countries played cricket.
“I never wanted Bangladesh to win because the country never treated us with dignity and respect,” he said. “We have got that in India…. We have an identity now.”
In West Bengal, which is majority Hindu, the new arrivals blend in easily. In front of every house sits a stone dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva, accompanied by ceremonial holy basil, onion and garlic. Women bow before the god every morning. In mid- April, they celebrated the Bengali new year by preparing fish curry and rice.
From Bangladesh, Rai said, India was a source of curiosity because of the perceived prosperity, employment options and, most importantly, Bollywood films.
The residents of Haldibari expressed hope that the Indian government will ensure they get homes and job opportunities.
One woman f illing up pots from a tap spoke up, a newborn cradled in her arms.
Referring to her daughter, Lobomita, the woman described her as “the most blessed soul in this enclave. She was born immediately the day after we moved in here.”