A case study in state-run health failures
California shows why the Republican plan to replace Obamacare with local programs may not work.
WASHINGTON — Richard Figueroa still shudders at the memory of the calls he fielded as enrollment director of California’s special health plan for sick patients who’d been rejected by insurers.
Desperate callers pleaded to get off the waiting list as cancer or other illnesses worsened. Enrollees struggled to understand why the plan would not cover all the treatment they needed.
Most heart-wrenching were the quiet, polite calls from those who’d received a letter that a sick relative could finally get on the plan. “They would say, ‘Thank you, but you can give our slot to someone else, because my brother or my wife or my daughter has died,’” Figueroa recalled.
California’s high-risk pool — like similar overstretched state plans around the country — became obsolete when the Affordable Care Act established a new federal system to guarantee coverage to Americans even if they’re already sick.
Now President Trump and congressional Republicans are trying to shift responsibility for overseeing health protections back to states. This approach, including re-creating state high-risk pools, is a cornerstone of the healthcare bill that Republicans are laboring to get through the House this week.
GOP House leaders announced late Wednesday that they would hold a vote Thursday. House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy predicted they have enough votes for passage, despite earlier struggles to win over moderates and conservatives.
California’s experience underscores the limitations of what states can do on their own.
The nation’s most-popu-
lous state tried repeatedly over the years to plug the many holes in its healthcare system. Yet even with a huge economy, extensive medical system and committed advocates, including in powerful industries, California came up short, again and again.
“We did all these things as stopgaps,” said Figueroa, who now works at the California Endowment, one of the state’s largest foundations. “None of it was enough.”
When President Obama signed the federal health law in 2010, nearly 20% of Californians — about 6 million people — lacked health coverage.
Today the state’s uninsured rate is below 9%, as California has used the federal funding and insurance rules enacted through the Affordable Care Act to extend health protections to hundreds of thousands of previously uncovered Californians.
“Once we had that framework and the federal funding, we were off to the races,” said Anthony Wright, the longtime head of Health Access California, one of the state’s leading consumer advocates. “But without it, it was very, very hard .... We have the experience to show that if health reform was easy at the state level, California would have done it. We couldn’t.”
The state’s healthcare struggles are hardly unique.
In the decades before Obamacare, some states — including Arizona, Washington, Kentucky, Maine, Minnesota and New York — tried to expand health protections for their residents by bolstering safety net health programs or rewriting insurance rules to ensure sick customers could get coverage.
But most states — including many with the highest uninsured rates, such as Texas, Florida and Georgia — never undertook serious efforts to guarantee coverage.
And although there were some modest successes, mostly in expanding Medicaid coverage, nearly every state effort to guarantee coverage failed until Obamacare made such protections possible nationwide.
In fact, in the last two decades, only Massachusetts successfully crafted a healthcare overhaul that provided all of its residents with insurance protections. That 2006 initiative — which was heavily subsidized by the last Bush administration — became the model for Obamacare.
California officials labored for years to build their own system of health protections. The state long had among the highest uninsured rates, despite being a hub of healthcare innovation whose leading medical centers have been international destinations.
Medi-Cal, the state’s Medicaid safety net, was perpetually overburdened as it struggled to care for millions of poor Californians.
And insurance companies worked aggressively to exclude sick, costly customers, in many cases rescinding policies after customers got ill by alleging they had misrepresented their medical histories.
“The market was a disaster,” said Tom Epstein, a former senior executive at Blue Shield of California, one of the state’s leading insurers.
Among other things, California tried to make large employers provide health coverage to workers, though that effort was defeated in a statewide referendum just months after it was enacted.
The state adopted insurance rules to give consumers more power to challenge decisions by health plans, though state leaders were never able to make insurers cover all sick patients.
In 1991, the state set up the Major Risk Medical Insurance Program, commonly called “Mr. Mip,” a high-risk insurance pool to offer a lifeline to patients who’d been turned down for coverage on the commercial insurance market.
By the late ’90s, the plan, which was funded in part by premiums and in part by a voter-approved tobacco tax, was serving 22,000 people.
But as premiums soared because insuring sick patients was so expensive, the program became increasingly difficult to sustain. Enrollment was capped, as were benefits. The plan would cover only $75,000 of enrollees’ medical costs per year.
By 2010, when Obamacare was signed, the cost for a 50-year-old in the Sacramento area who wanted a PPO plan had soared to $878 a month.
“It was a nice little program for a few thousand people,” said Lucien Wulsin, former head of the Insure the Uninsured Project, a state advocacy group. “But we never got close to reaching the hundreds of thousands of Californians who needed help.”
Finally in 2007, then-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, a Republican, launched a sweeping campaign to push through a major healthcare overhaul to extend coverage to millions of uninsured Californians. The landmark effort, in which Schwarzenegger worked with Democrats in the state Assembly, picked up crucial support from hospitals, patient groups and even some insurers and leading businesses.
But the effort ultimately collapsed amid opposition from advocacy groups on the left and right, and questions about how the state could pay for extending health coverage.
“Engaging in comprehensive reform is not for the faint of heart,” said Kim Belshe, who served as state health secretary under Schwarzenegger. “You are talking about nearly 20% of the state’s economy. You are talking about issues that affect people in the most personal way. And you are dealing with the pocketbooks of a diverse array of healthcare providers, each of which have their own interests.”
Belshe and others credit that effort for helping set the stage for the state’s aggressive implementation of the Affordable Care Act, which Schwarzenegger and other state leaders enthusiastically embraced.
California has undertaken a massive expansion of its Medicaid program and runs an insurance marketplace — Covered California — that is widely seen as a national model. The state has recorded among the largest drops in its uninsured population, and though costs remain a challenge, most Californians can still shop among many health plans that are required by the state to offer lower out-ofpocket costs for some medical care than the federal standard.
Doctors, hospitals, insurers, patient advocates and elected officials worry that progress in California will be reversed if the federal law is rolled back and the state is once again left on its own.
Said Figueroa: “It’s so odd to think that we would even consider going back to the bad old days.”
‘If health reform was easy at the state level, California would have done it. We couldn’t.’ — Anthony Wright, Health Access California