Dams, climate put our fish in peril
tor for California Trout and one of three biologists on the study.
“This has allowed them to evolve and survive. Salmon go out to sea to get fat on marine nutrients that they can’t get in fresh water. All those nutrients normally wouldn’t be available in rivers, but the salmon bring some back to jump-start their young.”
Of course, the salmon die after spawning. That fertilizes the rivers and plants. And it feeds the bears and other animals. It’s amazing how nature works all this out — until humans muck it up.
The steelhead spawn and live on. They beat it back to sea and return once or twice more to mate and reproduce.
As for the strictly freshwater trout, there are 10 species in California.
“California has the greatest diversity of salmonid species of any state in the lower 48,” Samuel says.
“That’s due to the unique geology and climate. There are lots of different climates. And lots of elevation change.
“The fish have different life strategies. They don’t put all their eggs in one basket. Central Valley Chinook salmon, for example, have four different spawning runs so they don’t all get wiped out if a natural disaster happens, like an earthquake or a master flood that scours out a riverbed.”
But, Samuel adds, “as you might expect, their abundance has been declining significantly — for salmon and steelhead in particular.”
Why? “Largely because of what we’ve done to California’s landscape,” he says, mainly by building dams that block salmon and steelhead from their historic spawning waters — such as huge Shasta on the Sacramento River or little Matilija on the Ventura.
When I was a kid in Ojai, my dad used to routinely catch steelhead in the Ventura River. That ended after Matilija Dam was built. But the reservoir soon silted up with crud. Local groups have been searching for $80 million to tear it down.
Samuel estimates that 95% of Southern California’s steelhead have disappeared. The Santa Ynez River in Santa Barbara County used to host 20,000 spawning fish annually. Now there may be a handful.
In Northern California, there are still sizable runs, but they’re greatly reduced from the glory years.
“The Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers historically supported up to a million Chinook salmon a year,” Samuel says. “So many there actually were canneries on San Francisco Bay. Now we’re nowhere close to that.”
Blame also water diversions for irrigating orchards in the San Joaquin Valley.
Agriculture interests scream that government wastes water by letting it flow to the sea. But if water doesn’t flow to the sea, neither do salmon and steelhead. And that kills the coastal fishing industry.
As for California’s state fish, the golden trout, 50 years ago there were an estimated 40,000 enjoying their native range in the southern Sierra. Now there are only somewhere between 400 and 2,600, the study found.
But “the major, overarching” threat to all these cold-water critters is global warming, the report warns.
What can be done? The report calls for not making things worse by at least protecting what’s left of our best fish waters.
Also, try to restore waters that were lost generations ago, such as flood plains. Flooded rice fields, where fish can eat themselves silly, now are helping with that.
In addition, tear down useless dams like Matilija.
And provide passage around useful dams.
Most important: Get political leaders — not just wildlife managers — to give a rip.
“It’s a very concerning trend,” Samuel says. “But these fish are incredibly resilient. Given half a chance, they will survive. They made it through the drought. Now we need to double down and be more innovative.”
I’ve always liked the old Babylonian proverb: “The gods do not deduct from man’s allotted span the hours spent in fishing.”
But there need to be fish to catch.