Giving avocados longer shelf life
A plant-based film created by Apeel may help cut food waste.
The new avocados rolling out to Costco stores in the Midwest this week don’t look like the future of fresh produce. But the warehouse chain is quietly testing technology that could more than double the shelf life of vegetables and fruits.
That technology, developed by Goleta, Calif., startup Apeel Sciences, consists of an invisible, plant-based film that reinforces the avocados’ own skin. The company hopes to expand to stores nationwide — as well as to other produce, such as nectarines and asparagus.
Experts say the product, which has quadrupled shelf life in a lab setting, has the potential to make foods less perishable — with huge boons for consumers, the environment and the food industry.
Fresh fruit and vegetables account for more than 40% of wasted food in the United States, according to the food waste coalition ReFed. Apeel and other companies are working on technologies that could help slash those figures and enable produce to travel farther and with less refrigeration, improving their quality, selection and carbon footprint.
“Already, we’re able to bring avocados to places that didn’t have access to top quality before, or that often ran out,” said James Rogers, Apeel’s chief executive. “It’s so rewarding to me personally to bring this fruit to places that wouldn’t normally have that access.”
Apeel works much like the skins and peels on many types of produce. Made from cellular material extracted from plants, the semipermeable film adheres to the outside of the avocado and slows the rate at which the avocado loses water and carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen.
Fresh produce spoils as it respires, which is why packers and distributors chill produce or spray it with coats of wax. Unlike wax, Apeel is designed to optimize water and oxygen exchange, boosting quality and shelf life, Rogers said.
Consumers won’t pay more for Apeel produce, he added, because retailers that use it save money by reducing their losses from spoilage.
“The way we’re set up, it’s more expensive for them not to use the product,” Rogers said.
Few dispute the notion that waste represents an enormous cost to the food industry. According to ReFed, the U.S. wastes about 63 million tons of food each a year, 40% of that in grocery stores and restaurants. ReFed estimates reducing fruit and vegetable waste would represent an $18.2-billion opportunity for retailers.
Extending shelf life, experts say, could also prevent growers from wasting water and fertilizer on food that nobody will eat.
“The opportunity for Apeel is in addressing the 42% of overall waste that’s fruits and vegetables,” said Chris Cochrane, the director of ReFed. “And that could be incredibly significant.”
Down the line, Apeel’s technology could have other benefits: improving the selection of fresh produce or reducing the need for refrigeration. The company has experimented with a film for tomatoes, which are typically picked and shipped long before ripeness to arrive fresh at stores. A longer shelf life could mean they remain on the vine, building flavor and nutrients, far longer.
Apeel has received significant funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop a film for cassava, a staple crop in Africa. Many African countries lack reliable, refrigerated supply chains, which causes them to lose large portions of their harvests.
In a news release announcing the grant, the Gates Foundation said Apeel could “protect crops from bacteria, fungi, and insects; reduce crop destruction; and possibly extend the foods’ shelf life without refrigeration.” Rogers has argued that Apeel can help address hunger and increase farmers’ profits.
The company is awaiting regulatory approval in Nigeria and Kenya. Closer to home, he said, Apeel will enable farmers to ship niche products — such as finger limes — to more distant and profitable markets.
Experts said Apeel’s promises have potential, even if it’s too early to evaluate them.
“I think we’ll have to wait and see if all these things pan out,” said Kathleen Merrigan, the head of the Food Institute at George Washington University, who served as deputy secretary of agriculture in the Obama administration. “But we know that all Americans need to increase their fruit and vegetable intake. Anything that makes that supply chain more efficient and cost effective is great.”
For now, Apeel is focused on shipping its avocados to more stores — and expanding the range of fruits and vegetables that use its technology. Within the year, Rogers said, he hopes to have Apeel avocados in Costco stores nationally.
The company has also developed skins for strawberries, bananas, mangoes, peaches, pears, nectarines, green beans, citrus fruits and asparagus. It expects citrus and asparagus will be the next Apeel products on the market.
Dozens of other companies are working on their own “shelf life extension solutions,” though none with quite the funding of Apeel. According to Crunchbase, Apeel has received $40 million from Andreessen Horowitz and DBL Partners, as well as the Rockefeller and Gates foundations.
One promising initiative called FreshPaper uses sheets of treated paper, placed in salad bags and produce bins, to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth, ReFed’s Cochrane said.
And a Canadian company has developed a spray for retailers to extend the shelf life of produce, said Carol Culhane, a food technology consultant.
“It’s become a bit of a movement,” Culhane said. “We’re getting to a turning point — so many companies are beginning to say, ‘We need to do something about this.’ ”