China may either have to blink or widen trade war
DANDONG, China — President Trump’s latest threat of tariffs against China, on imports totaling about $200 billion, substantially raises the stakes for Beijing and could push the two countries’ trade war beyond the tit-for-tat duties seen so far.
China’s Commerce Ministry said Wednesday that the nation would act with “necessary countermeasures,” but did not say that the government would retaliate in commensurate fashion, as it has promptly done in the past. The pause in brinkmanship reflects the quandary now facing Beijing.
The new U.S. proposed levies would be on top of 25% tariffs that the Trump administration has assessed on $50 billion of Chinese goods, $34 billion of which took effect Friday. On that day, China fired back with tariffs of the same amount.
But Beijing cannot match the new proposed tariffs because China imported only about $130 billion of products from the U.S. last year. By comparison, the United States imported more than $500 billion of
Chinese goods last year.
Lu Xiang, a Beijingbased researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, noted that China has previously indicated that it would retaliate in “quality and quantity,” suggesting that Beijing could employ a wide range of measures — beyond tariffs — that would hurt American businesses in China, such as tougher inspections on imports and delays in licensing and approvals for mergers.
“Chinese countermeasures are more than tariffs; it is hard to guess” what they are, Lu said. He added: “China has prepared for the worst.”
U.S. companies in China already have reported stalled product approvals, worker visas and licensing applications. A manufacturer that exports vehicles to China recorded a 98% jump in random border inspections in recent weeks that put the company behind schedule. And Chinese customs officers ordered a load of U.S. cherries into quarantine for a week in a coastal southeastern Chinese province, causing them to spoil.
Robert Lighthizer, the U.S. trade representative, said Tuesday night in announcing the new round of proposed tariffs that the U.S. expected China to stop unfair practices and open its markets to competition.
“Unfortunately, China has not changed its behavior — behavior that puts the future of the U.S. economy at risk,” he said. “Rather than address our legitimate concerns, China has begun to retaliate against U.S. products. There is no justification for such action.”
The Trump administration’s latest move drew opposition from business groups and some Republican lawmakers concerned the tariffs could be a blow to U.S. consumers and damage the economy. Investors also were concerned. The Dow Jones industrial average closed down 219.21 points, or 0.9%, at 24,700.45.
Unlike the 25% tariffs already in place, the new levies proposed by the U.S. would be at a lower rate of 10% but hit many household products, such as electronics, appliances, furniture, some apparel and footwear. A nearly 200-page list issued by the U.S. trade representative’s office includes a wide variety of specific goods, including fish sticks, baseball gloves, handbags, spark plugs, French doors, yarn and ceramic tiles.
The list will be the subject of public hearings Aug. 20-23 before a decision is made on enacting the tariffs.
The targeting of consumer goods sparked immediate fire from the National Retail Federation, which called the latest Trump administration plan “a reckless strategy that will boomerang back to harm U.S. families and workers.”
Senate Finance Committee Chairman Orrin G. Hatch (R-Utah) said the new tariff threat “appears reckless” and warned it “falls short of a strategy that will give the administration negotiating leverage with China.” Rep. Kevin Brady (R-Texas), chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, called for Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping to meet face to face soon to prevent the situation from getting out of control.
“With this announcement, it’s clear the escalating trade dispute with China will go one of two ways — a long, multiyear trade war between the two largest economies in the world that engulfs more and more of the globe, or a deliberate decision by President Trump and President Xi to meet and begin crafting an agreement that levels the playing field between China and the U.S. for local farmers, workers and businesses,” Brady said.
“Despite the serious economic consequences of ever-increasing tariffs, today there are no serious trade discussions occurring between the U.S. and China, no plans for trade negotiations anytime soon, and seemingly little action toward a solution,” he said.
In a sign of bipartisan trade frustration, the Senate voted 88 to 11 Wednesday for a nonbinding resolution that calls on the White House to seek congressional approval before issuing tariffs in the interest of national security. The Trump administration used national security as a reason to put tariffs on steel and aluminum from Canada, Mexico and the European Union this spring.
Beijing may be holding off from retaliating in equal measure to see if the latest tariffs will prompt a strong enough opposition from interest groups to persuade Trump to pull back from his aggressive trade actions against China.
Trump already has imposed levies on Chinese solar panels, steel, aluminum and many machine and industrial parts. They are aimed at pressuring China to make significant changes that would sharply reduce its trade surplus with the U.S. Others in the administration want to press China to halt policies that compel American firms to turn over technologies in order to obtain access to the large Chinese market.
Up to now, however, growing complaints about Trump’s broad tariffs from U.S. businesses, associations, lawmakers and even politically powerful constituents such as farmers have not dissuaded the president from following through on his threats.
Trump has promised to impose tariffs on all Chinese imports if Beijing keeps fighting back and does not accede to his demands — something he promised on the campaign trail.
Beijing expressed “shock” at Tuesday’s announcement from the White House, but UBS economist Tao Wang said China is increasingly concerned about how far the trade war might go.
“The Chinese government understands that a full-scale trade war does more economic harm to China,” she said.
Chinese leaders also may be hoping that global financial markets will send Trump clear signals that will force the president’s hand.
But nervous and uneasy as they may be, investors have been unexpectedly restrained in their reaction, thanks in part to strong U.S. economic growth aided by big tax cuts this year.
Chinese and other Asian stocks retreated Wednesday, and U.S. stocks were down sharply at the open after the White House unveiled the new tariffs. Even so, the Dow Jones industrial average, through Tuesday’s close, was essentially unchanged from the start of the year.
One strategy that Beijing wants to undertake to fight back is to enlist the support of other countries, particularly Western allies of the U.S., against what Chinese officials say are Trump’s unilateral protectionist moves that threaten not just American and Chinese economies but also the entire world, as well as the global trading system.
“We call on the international community to work together to safeguard the rules of free trade and the multilateral trading system, and jointly oppose trade hegemony,” China’s Commerce Ministry said Wednesday. A spokesman for the ministry said China would file another formal complaint with the World Trade Organization.
The European Union and Canada, America’s closest allies, also have struggled with Trump’s trade policies. The EU, Canada, Mexico and Japan, among others, protested after the White House slapped tariffs on steel imports from those trading partners.
EU and other analysts doubt that America’s allies will line up behind Beijing, given their historically close military relations with the U.S. and the fact that many of those countries also have complained about China’s unfair trade practices and policies.
Some experts think that China and the U.S. will soon find it in their mutual interest to return to the negotiating table and resolve the intensifying trade conflict.
“While there is currently frighteningly little bilateral discussion taking place, increased domestic opposition in the U.S. to tariffs would make such talks more likely,” Oxford Economics said in a research note.
But “in the absence of such discussions,” the note said, “the U.S. and China seem set for a more fullblown trade war, with major economic implications for themselves and the global economy.”
‘Unfortunately, China has not changed its behavior — behavior that puts the future of the U.S. economy at risk.’ — Robert Lighthizer, U.S. trade representative