Belarus poses a test for U. S. diplomacy

President Alexander Lukashenko’s questionable reelection impedes the effort to normalize relations.

As the United States hurtles toward its most important presidential election in decades, anyone eager to understand the consequences of authoritarianism would do well to look at Belarus, a nation that has been steeped in political crisis since holding a presidential election in August that was widely denounced as rigged.

The incumbent, President Alexander Lukashenko, has been in power for 26 years. Sometimes called “the last dictator in Europe,” he withstood an earlier round of massive protests in 2006, but this time seems different: Demonstrators outraged over economic stagnation and a cavalier response to the COVID- 19 pandemic have f looded the streets of Minsk, the capital, to demand a peaceful transfer of power. Many of them support the human rights activist Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, who had challenged Lukashenko for the presidency.

Belarus is considered one of Russia’s closest allies, but it would be a mistake to dismiss the country of 9.5 million people as a puppet state of Moscow and Lukashenko as a crony of Vladimir Putin. Following Russia’s invasion of eastern Ukraine in 2014, Lukashenko began to rethink his ties to the Kremlin and to pursue engagement with both the West and China. In 2015, he freed political prisoners as a gesture of goodwill, and Washington and Brussels responded by easing sanctions. Lukashenko received visits from top Trump administration officials in late 2019 and early 2020 as the countries moved toward normalizing relations.

The country’s presidential campaign and election have put that progress in doubt. After the government jailed critics and at least one would- be challenger to Lukashenko, the incumbent was declared the winner with nearly 80% of the vote — a tally the European Council said was not credible. The international community has not recognized his reelection, and this month, the European Union and the United States imposed sanctions. Meanwhile, Lukashenko has turned to the Kremlin, and Putin has announced the possibility of constitutional changes and new elections — presumably under Russian inf luence.

The situation remains at a dangerous stalemate. Western diplomats fear a “soft annexation” of Belarus by Russia. In April, the Trump administration nominated a career diplomat, Julie D. Fisher, to serve as ambassador to Minsk — she would be the first since 2008 — but some senators now fear that confirming her would be seen as legitimizing Lukashenko’s crackdown. It would not. Washington should confirm a new ambassador, and that envoy should engage with the government while actively reaching out to the opposition.

It would be myopic to view the Belarus crisis simply through the lens of the West’s deteriorating relationship with Russia. “A post- Lukashenko Belarus, with close ties to Moscow but an improved relationship with the West, remains a possible medium- term outcome of the current crisis,” Yauheni Preiherman, the founder and director the Minsk Dialogue Council on International Relations, argued in Foreign Affairs. “It might not be the one many in the West had hoped for, but it is still a good alternative and perhaps the best option in the current climate.”

The people of Belarus have been undergoing a societal awakening, with a broadbased protest movement insisting on free and fair elections. Western leaders should lend their support to the opposition and demand a democratic transition, an end to violent repression, the lifting of restrictions on the press and the release of political prisoners. Trade sanctions, asset freezes and economic incentives are all tools that are available to Washington and Brussels. Western leaders should also offer strong support for Tikhanovskaya and the courageous advocates who have risked their lives and safety to demand political rights.

No one wants Russia to intervene militarily in Belarus, as it has done in Georgia and Ukraine, so the situation is extremely sensitive. The goal is a peaceful democratic transition, but the risk is that U. S. and European involvement will inf lame Russian fears or spark a geopolitical crisis. It will require careful diplomacy — best undertaken by, we hope, a Biden administration that will challenge Putin, as Trump has failed to do.