Long- lasting effects
Stanford volleyball star Hayley Hodson retired from the sport in 2017 with a diagnosis of post- concussion syndrome, the result of what her family claims were brain injuries suffered after being hit in the head with volleyballs near the end of her freshman season in 2015. Hodson filed a lawsuit in 2018 against Stanford and the NCAA for failing to provide proper medical care for those injuries, allegations the school and the NCAA deny.
Post- concussion syndrome: What is it?
8 Concussions are brain injuries that usually happen following a blow to the head or violent shaking and movement of the head or body. Symptoms usually occur within the first seven to 10 days of the initial injury and may include headaches, dizziness, changes in mood and behavior, and problems with concentration and memory. 8 With rest and a gradual return to activity that does not include returning to play until all symptoms are resolved, most athletes who suffer a single concussion experience no lasting effects. 8 In some cases, however, people experience post- concussion syndrome ( PCS), a disorder in which symptoms persist long after the initial brain injury — often in response to physical or cognitive activity, which can lead to withdrawal from social and athletic life. 8 Though it is difficult to predict who will suffer from PCS, women are at greater risk than men. Other recognized risk factors include:
— Having a history of concussions, mood and cognitive disorders, and migraine headaches.
— Suffering a severe impact, or a second impact while recovering from an initial one.
— Major visual symptoms soon after initial injury. 8 Treatment and management of PCS involve targeting individual symptoms with specific therapies to reduce their severity or eliminate their cause. No single treatment is effective in all cases. 8 PCS is not the same as chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE). The latter is a neurodegenerative disease linked to repetitive head trauma — including sub- concussive hits to the head that don’t cause obvious symptoms — that has been found in the brains of several high- profile athletes following their deaths.