Britain and EU come to terms
Months of talks yield a last- minute trade deal that calms fears of a chaotic economic split between the two.
BRUSSELS — Just a week before deadline, Britain and the European Union struck a free- trade deal Thursday that should avert economic chaos on New Year’s and bring a measure of certainty for businesses after years of Brexit turmoil.
Once ratified by both sides, the agreement will ensure Britain and the 27- nation bloc can continue to trade in goods without tariffs or quotas after the U. K. breaks fully free of the EU on Jan. 1.
Relief was palpable all around that nine months of tense and often testy negotiations had f inally produced a positive result.
The Christmas Eve breakthrough was doubly welcome amid the COVID- 19 pandemic, which has left about 70,000 people in Britain dead and led the country’s neighbors to shut their borders to the U. K. over a new and seemingly more contagious variant of the virus spreading in England.
“We have taken back control of our laws and our destiny,” said British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, who posted a picture of himself on social media, beaming with thumbs up.
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said: “It was a long and winding road, but we have got a good deal to show for it.
“It is fair, it is a balanced deal, and it is the right and responsible thing to do for both sides,” she said in Brussels.
The 27 EU countries and the British and European parliaments still need to
vote on the agreement, though action by the European body may not happen until after the Jan. 1 breakup. Britain’s Parliament is set to vote Dec. 30.
France, long seen as Britain’s toughest obstacle to a deal, said the uncanny steadfastness among the 27 nations with widely varying interests was a triumph in itself.
“European unity and f irmness paid off,” French President Emmanuel Macron said in a statement.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel said unity would now probably result in all the EU nations backing the deal, adding: “I am very optimistic that we can present a good result here.”
It has been 4 ½ years since Britons voted 52% to 48% to leave the EU and — in the words of the Brexiteers’ campaign slogan — “take back control” of the U. K.’ s borders and laws.
It took more than three years of wrangling before Britain left the bloc’s political structures in January. Disentangling the two sides’ economies and reconciling Britain’s desire for independence with the EU’s aim of preserving its unity took months longer.
Both sides said the 2,000page agreement protected their cherished goals. Britain said it gave the U. K. control over its money, borders, laws and f ishing waters and ensured the country was “no longer in the lunar pull of the EU.”
Von der Leyen said it protected the EU’s single market and contained safeguards to ensure Britain did not unfairly undercut the bloc’s standards.
If Britain were to quit the EU with no agreement gov
erning trade, the two sides would reinstate tariffs on each other’s goods.
Johnson’s government had acknowledged that a chaotic no- deal exit — or a “crash- out,” as the British call it — would probably bring gridlock at the country’s ports, temporary shortages of some goods and price increases for staple foods. The turmoil could have cost hundreds of thousands of jobs.
To avoid that, negotiating sessions alternating between London and Brussels — and sometimes disrupted by the pandemic — gradually whittled differences be
tween the two sides down to three key issues: fair- competition rules, mechanisms for resolving future disputes, and fishing rights.
The EU has long feared that Britain would slash social, environmental and state aid rules after Brexit and gain a competitive advantage over the EU. Britain denies planning to institute weaker standards but says having to follow EU regulations would undermine its sovereignty.
A compromise was eventually reached on the tricky “level playing f ield” issues. That left the economically minor but hugely symbolic
issue of f ishing rights as the f inal sticking point, with maritime EU nations seeking to retain access to U. K. waters where they have long fished, and Britain insisting it must exercise control as an “independent coastal state.”
Under the deal, the EU is giving up a quarter of the quota it catches in U. K. waters, far less than the 80% Britain initially demanded. The system will be in place for 5 ½ years, after which the quotas will be reassessed.
The U. K. has remained part of the EU’s single market and customs union during the 11- month post- Brexit
transition period. As a result, the impact of Brexit has yet to be widely felt.
On Jan. 1, the breakup will start feeling real. Even with a trade deal, goods and people will no longer be able to move freely between the U. K. and its continental neighbors without border restrictions.
EU citizens will no longer be able to live and work in Britain without visas — though the 4 million already doing so are exempt — and Britons can no longer automatically work or retire in EU nations. Exporters and importers face customs declarations, goods checks and other obstacles.
The U. K.- EU border is already reeling from new restrictions on travelers from Britain into France and other European countries because of the new version of the coronavirus sweeping through London and southern England.
Thousands of trucks were stuck in traffic jams near the port of Dover on Wednesday as their drivers waited to be tested so they could enter the Eurotunnel to France.
British supermarkets said that the backlog would take days to clear and that there could be shortages of some fresh produce over the holidays.
Despite the deal, there are still unanswered questions on major issues, including security cooperation between the U. K. and the bloc — with the U. K. set to lose access to realtime information in some EU law enforcement databases — and access to the EU market for Britain’s huge financial services sector.
Von der Leyen said she felt “quiet satisfaction” but no joy now that the Brexit saga that had consumed Britain and the EU for years was finally almost over.
“I know this is a difficult day for some,” she said, “and to our friends in the United Kingdom, I want to say: Parting is such sweet sorrow.”
Johnson, who staked his career and reputation on extracting the country from the EU, said Britain would always be a strong friend and partner to the bloc.
“Although we have left the EU,” he said, “this country will remain culturally, emotionally, historically, strategically, geologically attached to Europe.”