REPLICA: Spillway
Though computer modeling is being used extensively to plan the spillway repairs, California officials and the hydrologists say high tech testing is no replacement for dam replica research. Johnson’s team has a $277,000 contract for the work and will issue its final report in the early fall.
Water flow patterns, pooling and waves can be different than computer models predict, said Ted Craddock of California’s Department of Water Resources.
“This is an important validation process,” Craddock said. “Water behaves very similar at a smaller scale as a larger scale.”
Physical models to test proposed dams and dam repairs are necessary because “the flow of water is very complex and momentum is transferred at the molecular level,” Johnson said.
“We haven’t got enough computer power to model that many molecules at once,” he said.
Each simulation of the 100-foot long replica that took 40 days to build begins when a crew member slowly opens a large steering wheel like valve that sends water screaming down a chute modeled after the spillway and crashing into blocks that disperse it and send it in waves to a replica of the river. Johnson almost has to shout for his team to hear him above the noise of the water mimicking a flood.
The hydrologists calculate the velocity of the water, track how much air is being absorbed in the water and document what they see in weekly reports to California authorities.
To help with the design, the separate team investigating the spillway failure sent California water officials and Utah hydrologists a list of factors they’ve found that could have contributed to the failure – many focusing on the condition of the spillway’s concrete, slab joints and foundation. But no one factor has been discovered yet to determine how the failure happened, said John France, a dam engineering consultant leading the California investigation.
Dam experts say one of the most unsettling aspects of the events is that it occurred without warning after decades of maintenance and inspection reports showing no clues of the pending collapse.
California state officials have pointed to the torrents of runoff pouring into the dam at the time of the crisis. But the amount of water streaming down the two flood-release spillways when they began to collapse was relatively small.
The average age of the nearly 91,000 dams in the United States is 56-years-old, according to the American Society of Civil Engineers, and 2,170 of the taller dams are structurally deficient in one way or the other, according to the industry group. So the research in Utah may help improve dam safety elsewhere.
“We have folks across the world who are really looking at what’s happening with Oroville,” Johnson said.